Grammar - Lexical and Syntactic grammar

Grammar

This appendix contains summaries of the lexical and syntactic grammars found in the main document, and of the grammar extensions for unsafe code. Grammar productions appear here in the same order that they appear in the main document.

Lexical grammar

input:
input-section_opt

input-section:
input-section-part
input-section input-section-part

input-section-part:
input-elements_opt new-line
pp-directive

input-elements:
input-element
input-elements input-element

input-element:
whitespace
comment
token

Line terminators

new-line:
Carriage return character (U+000D)
Line feed character (U+000A)
Carriage return character (U+000D) followed by line feed character (U+000A)
Line separator character (U+2028)
Paragraph separator character (U+2029)

White space

whitespace:
Any character with Unicode class Zs
Horizontal tab character (U+0009)
Vertical tab character (U+000B)
Form feed character (U+000C)

Comments

comment:
single-line-comment
delimited-comment

single-line-comment:
// input-characters_opt

input-characters:
input-character
input-characters input-character

input-character:
Any Unicode character except a new-line-character

new-line-character:
Carriage return character (U+000D)
Line feed character (U+000A)
Line separator character (U+2028)
Paragraph separator character (U+2029)

delimited-comment:
/* delimited-comment-characters_opt */

delimited-comment-characters:
delimited-comment-character
delimited-comment-characters delimited-comment-character

delimited-comment-character:
not-asterisk
* not-slash

not-asterisk:
Any Unicode character except *

not-slash:
Any Unicode character except /

Tokens

token:
identifier
keyword
integer-literal
real-literal
character-literal
string-literal
operator-or-punctuator

Unicode character escape sequences

unicode-escape-sequence:
u hex-digit hex-digit hex-digit hex-digit
U hex-digit hex-digit hex-digit hex-digit hex-digit hex-digit hex-digit hex-digit

Identifiers

identifier:
available-identifier
@ identifier-or-keyword

available-identifier:
An identifier-or-keyword that is not a keyword

identifier-or-keyword:
identifier-start-character identifier-part-characters_opt

identifier-start-character:
letter-character
_ (the underscore character)

identifier-part-characters:
identifier-part-character
identifier-part-characters identifier-part-character

identifier-part-character:
letter-character
decimal-digit-character
connecting-character
combining-character
formatting-character

letter-character:
A Unicode character of classes Lu, Ll, Lt, Lm, Lo, or Nl
A unicode-escape-sequence representing a character of classes Lu, Ll, Lt, Lm, Lo, or Nl

combining-character:
A Unicode character of classes Mn or Mc
A unicode-escape-sequence representing a character of classes Mn or Mc

decimal-digit-character:
A Unicode character of the class Nd
A unicode-escape-sequence representing a character of the class Nd

connecting-character:
A Unicode character of the class Pc
A unicode-escape-sequence representing a character of the class Pc

formatting-character:
A Unicode character of the class Cf
A unicode-escape-sequence representing a character of the class Cf

Keywords

keyword: one of
abstract as base bool break
byte case catch char checked
class const continue decimal default
delegate do double else enum
event explicit extern false finally
fixed float for foreach goto
if implicit in int interface
internal is lock long namespace
new null object operator out
override params private protected public
readonly ref return sbyte sealed
short sizeof stackalloc static string
struct switch this throw true
try typeof uint ulong unchecked
unsafe ushort using virtual void
volatile while

Literals

literal:
boolean-literal
integer-literal
real-literal
character-literal
string-literal
null-literal

boolean-literal:
true
false

integer-literal:
decimal-integer-literal
hexadecimal-integer-literal

decimal-integer-literal:
decimal-digits integer-type-suffix_opt

decimal-digits:
decimal-digit
decimal-digits decimal-digit

decimal-digit: one of
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

integer-type-suffix: one of
U u L l UL Ul uL ul LU Lu lU lu

hexadecimal-integer-literal:
0x hex-digits integer-type-suffix_opt
0X hex-digits integer-type-suffix_opt

hex-digits:
hex-digit
hex-digits hex-digit

hex-digit: one of
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 A B C D E F a b c d e f

real-literal:
decimal-digits . decimal-digits exponent-part_opt real-type-suffix_opt
. decimal-digits exponent-part_opt real-type-suffix_opt
decimal-digits exponent-part real-type-suffix_opt
decimal-digits real-type-suffix

exponent-part:
e sign_opt decimal-digits
E sign_opt decimal-digits

sign: one of
+ -

real-type-suffix: one of
F f D d M m

character-literal:
' character '

character:
single-character
simple-escape-sequence
hexadecimal-escape-sequence
unicode-escape-sequence

single-character:
Any character except ' (U+0027), (U+005C), and new-line-character

simple-escape-sequence: one of
' ' 0 a b f n r t v

hexadecimal-escape-sequence:
x hex-digit hex-digit_opt hex-digit_opt hex-digit_opt

string-literal:
regular-string-literal
verbatim-string-literal

regular-string-literal:
' regular-string-literal-characters_opt '

regular-string-literal-characters:
regular-string-literal-character
regular-string-literal-characters regular-string-literal-character

regular-string-literal-character:
single-regular-string-literal-character
simple-escape-sequence
hexadecimal-escape-sequence
unicode-escape-sequence

single-regular-string-literal-character:
Any character except ' (U+0022), (U+005C), and new-line-character

verbatim-string-literal:
@' verbatim -string-literal-characters_opt '

verbatim-string-literal-characters:
verbatim-string-literal-character
verbatim-string-literal-characters verbatim-string-literal-character

verbatim-string-literal-character:
single-verbatim-string-literal-character
quote-escape-sequence

single-verbatim-string-literal-character:
any character except '

quote-escape-sequence:
''

null-literal:
null

Operators and punctuators

operator-or-punctuator: one of
[ ] ( ) . , : ;
+ - * / % & | ^ ! ~
= < > ? ++ -- && || << >>
== != <= >= += -= *= /= %= &=
|= ^= <<= >>= ->

Pre-processing directives

pp-directive:
pp-declaration
pp-conditional
pp-line
pp-diagnostic
pp-region

pp-new-line:
whitespace_opt single-line-comment_opt new-line

conditional-symbol:
Any identifier-or-keyword except true or false

pp-expression:
whitespace_opt pp-or-expression whitespace_opt

pp-or-expression:
pp-and-expression
pp-or-expression whitespace_opt || whitespace_opt pp-and-expression

pp-and-expression:
pp-equality-expression
pp-and-expression whitespace_opt && whitespace_opt pp-equality-expression

pp-equality-expression:
pp-unary-expression
pp-equality-expression whitespace_opt == whitespace_opt pp-unary-expression
pp-equality-expression whitespace_opt != whitespace_opt pp-unary-expression

pp-unary-expression:
pp-primary-expression
! whitespace_opt pp-unary-expression

pp-primary-expression:
true
false
conditional-symbol
( pp-expression )

pp-declaration:
whitespace_opt # whitespace_opt define whitespace conditional-symbol pp-new-line
whitespace_opt # whitespace_opt undef whitespace conditional-symbol pp-new-line

pp-conditional:
pp-if-section pp-elif-sections_opt pp-else-section_opt pp-endif

pp-if-section:
whitespace_opt # whitespace_opt if pp-expression pp-new-line conditional-section_opt

pp-elif-sections:
pp-elif-section
pp-elif-sections pp-elif-section

pp-elif-section:
whitespace_opt # whitespace_opt elif pp-expression pp-new-line conditional-section_opt

else-section:
whitespace_opt # whitespace_opt else pp-new-line conditional-section_opt

endif-line:
whitespace_opt # whitespace_opt endif pp-new-line

conditional-section:
input-section
skipped-section

skipped-section:
skipped-section-part
skipped-section skipped-section-part

skipped-section-part:
skipped-characters_opt new-line
pp-directive

skipped-characters:
whitespace_opt not-number-sign input-characters_opt

not-number-sign:
Any input-character except #

pp-line:
whitespace_opt # whitespace_opt line whitespace_opt line-indicator pp-new-line
whitespace_opt # whitespace_opt line defaultline-indicator:
integer-literal whitepace_opt file-name_opt

file-name:
' file-name-characters '

file-name-characters:
file-name-character
file-name-characters file-name-character

file-name-character:
Any input-character except '

pp-diagnostic:
whitespace_opt # whitespace_opt error whitespace_opt pp-message
whitespace_opt # whitespace_opt warning whitespace_opt pp-message

pp-message:
input-characters_opt new-line

pp-region:
pp-start-region conditional-section_opt pp-end-region

pp-start-region:
whitespace_opt # whitespace_opt region whitespace_opt pp-message

pp-end-region:
whitespace_opt # whitespace_opt endregion whitespace_opt pp-message

Syntactic grammar

Basic concepts

namespace-name:
namespace-or-type-name

type-name:
namespace-or-type-name

namespace-or-type-name:
identifier
namespace-or-type-name . identifier

Types

type:
value-type
reference-type

value-type:
struct-type
enum-type

struct-type:
type-name
simple-type

simple-type:
numeric-type
bool

numeric-type:
integral-type
floating-point-type
decimal

integral-type:
sbyte
byte
short
ushort
int
uint
long
ulong
char

floating-point-type:
float
double

enum-type:
type-name

reference-type:
class-type
interface-type
array-type
delegate-type

class-type:
type-name
object
string

interface-type:
type-name

array-type:
non-array-type rank-specifiers

non-array-type:
type

rank-specifiers:
rank-specifier
rank-specifiers rank-specifier

rank-specifier:
[ dim-separators_opt ]

dim-separators:
,
dim-separators ,

delegate-type:
type-name

Variables

variable-reference:
expression

Expressions

argument-list:
argument
argument-list , argument

argument:
expression
ref variable-reference
out variable-reference

primary-expression:
array-creation-expression
primary-expression-no-array-creation

primary-expression-no-array-creation:
literal
simple-name
parenthesized-expression
member-access
invocation-expression
element-access
this-access
base-access
post-increment-expression
post-decrement-expression
new-expression
typeof-expression
sizeof-expression
checked-expression
unchecked-expression

simple-name:
identifier

parenthesized-expression:
( expression )

member-access:
primary-expression . identifier
predefined-type . identifier

predefined-type: one of
bool byte char decimal double float int long
object sbyte short string uint ulong ushort

invocation-expression:
primary-expression ( argument-list_opt )

element-access:
primary-expression-no-array-creation [ expression-list ]

expression-list:
expression
expression-list , expression

this-access:
this

base-access:
base . identifier
base [ expression-list ]

post-increment-expression:
primary-expression ++

post-decrement-expression:
primary-expression --

new-expression:
object-creation-expression
array-creation-expression
delegate-creation-expression

object-creation-expression:
new type ( argument-list_opt )

array-creation-expression:
new non-array-type [ expression-list ] rank-specifiers_opt array-initializer_opt
new array-type array-initializer

delegate-creation-expression:
new delegate-type ( expression )

typeof-expression:
typeof ( type )
typeof ( void )

checked-expression:
checked ( expression )

unchecked-expression:
unchecked ( expression )

unary-expression:
primary-expression
+ unary-expression
- unary-expression
! unary-expression
~ unary-expression
* unary-expression
pre-increment-expression
pre-decrement-expression
cast-expression

pre-increment-expression:
++ unary-expression

pre-decrement-expression:
-- unary-expression

cast-expression:
( type ) unary-expression

multiplicative-expression:
unary-expression
multiplicative-expression * unary-expression
multiplicative-expression / unary-expression
multiplicative-expression % unary-expression

additive-expression:
multiplicative-expression
additive-expression + multiplicative-expression
additive-expression - multiplicative-expression

shift-expression:
additive-expression
shift-expression << additive-expression
shift-expression >> additive-expression

relational-expression:
shift-expression
relational-expression < shift-expression
relational-expression > shift-expression
relational-expression <= shift-expression
relational-expression >= shift-expression
relational-expression is type
relational-expression as type

equality-expression:
relational-expression
equality-expression == relational-expression
equality-expression != relational-expression

and-expression:
equality-expression
and-expression & equality-expression

exclusive-or-expression:
and-expression
exclusive-or-expression ^ and-expression

inclusive-or-expression:
exclusive-or-expression
inclusive-or-expression | exclusive-or-expression

conditional-and-expression:
inclusive-or-expression
conditional-and-expression && inclusive-or-expression

conditional-or-expression:
conditional-and-expression
conditional-or-expression || conditional-and-expression

conditional-expression:
conditional-or-expression
conditional-or-expression ? expression : expression

assignment:
unary-expression assignment-operator expression

assignment-operator: one of
= += -= *= /= %= &= |= ^= <<= >>=

expression:
conditional-expression
assignment

constant-expression:
expression

boolean-expression:
expression

Statements

statement:
labeled-statement
declaration-statement
embedded-statement

embedded-statement:
block
empty-statement
expression-statement
selection-statement
iteration-statement
jump-statement
try-statement
checked-statement
unchecked-statement
lock-statement
using-statement

block:

statement-list:
statement
statement-list statement

empty-statement:
;

labeled-statement:
identifier : statement

declaration-statement:
local-variable-declaration ;
local-constant-declaration ;

local-variable-declaration:
type variable-declarators

variable-declarators:
variable-declarator
variable-declarators , variable-declarator

variable-declarator:
identifier
identifier = variable-initializer

variable-initializer:
expression
array-initializer

local-constant-declaration:
const type constant-declarators

constant-declarators:
constant-declarator
constant-declarators , constant-declarator

constant-declarator:
identifier = constant-expression

expression-statement:
statement-expression ;

statement-expression:
invocation-expression
object-creation-expression
assignment
post-increment-expression
post-decrement-expression
pre-increment-expression
pre-decrement-expression

selection-statement:
if-statement
switch-statement

if-statement:
if ( boolean-expression ) embedded-statement
if ( boolean-expression ) embedded-statement else embedded-statement

boolean-expression:
expression

switch-statement:
switch ( expression ) switch-block

switch-block:

switch-sections:
switch-section
switch-sections switch-section

switch-section:
switch-labels statement-list

switch-labels:
switch-label
switch-labels switch-label

switch-label:
case constant-expression :
default :

iteration-statement:
while-statement
do-statement
for-statement
foreach-statement

while-statement:
while ( boolean-expression ) embedded-statement

do-statement:
do embedded-statement while ( boolean-expression ) ;

for-statement:
for ( for-initializer_opt ; for-condition_opt ; for-iterator_opt ) embedded-statement

for-initializer:
local-variable-declaration
statement-expression-list

for-condition:
boolean-expression

for-iterator:
statement-expression-list

statement-expression-list:
statement-expression
statement-expression-list , statement-expression

foreach-statement:
foreach ( type identifier in expression ) embedded-statement

jump-statement:
break-statement
continue-statement
goto-statement
return-statement
throw-statement

break-statement:
break ;

continue-statement:
continue ;

goto-statement:
goto identifier ;
goto case constant-expression ;
goto default ;

return-statement:
return expression_opt ;

throw-statement:
throw expression_opt ;

try-statement:
try block catch-clauses
try block finally-clause
try block catch-clauses finally-clause

catch-clauses:
specific-catch-clauses general-catch-clause_opt
specific-catch-clauses_opt general-catch-clause

specific-catch-clauses:
specific-catch-clause
specific-catch-clauses specific-catch-clause

specific-catch-clause:
catch ( class-type identifier_opt ) block

general-catch-clause:
catch block

finally-clause:
finally block

checked-statement:
checked block

unchecked-statement:
unchecked block

lock-statement:
lock ( expression ) embedded-statement

using-statement:
using ( resource-acquisition ) embedded-statement

resource-acquisition:
local-variable-declaration
expression

compilation-unit:
using-directives_opt attributes_opt namespace-member-declarations_opt

namespace-declaration:
namespace qualified-identifier namespace-body ;_opt

qualified-identifier:
identifier
qualified-identifier . identifier

namespace-body:

using-directives:
using-directive
using-directives using-directive

using-directive:
using-alias-directive
using-namespace-directive

using-alias-directive:
using identifier = namespace-or-type-name ;

using-namespace-directive:
using namespace-name ;

namespace-member-declarations:
namespace-member-declaration
namespace-member-declarations namespace-member-declaration

namespace-member-declaration:
namespace-declaration
type-declaration

type-declaration:
class-declaration
struct-declaration
interface-declaration
enum-declaration
delegate-declaration

Classes

class-declaration:
attributes_opt class-modifiers_opt class identifier class-base_opt class-body ;_opt

class-modifiers:
class-modifier
class-modifiers class-modifier

class-modifier:
new
public
protected
internal
private
abstract
sealed

class-base:
: class-type
: interface-type-list
: class-type , interface-type-list

interface-type-list:
interface-type
interface-type-list , interface-type

class-body:

class-member-declarations:
class-member-declaration
class-member-declarations class-member-declaration

class-member-declaration:
constant-declaration
field-declaration
method-declaration
property-declaration
event-declaration
indexer-declaration
operator-declaration
constructor-declaration
destructor-declaration
static-constructor-declaration
type-declaration

constant-declaration:
attributes_opt constant-modifiers_opt const type constant-declarators ;

constant-modifiers:
constant-modifier
constant-modifiers constant-modifier

constant-modifier:
new
public
protected
internal
private

constant-declarators:
constant-declarator
constant-declarators , constant-declarator

constant-declarator:
identifier = constant-expression

field-declaration:
attributes_opt field-modifiers_opt type variable-declarators ;

field-modifiers:
field-modifier
field-modifiers field-modifier

field-modifier:
new
public
protected
internal
private
static
readonly

variable-declarators:
variable-declarator
variable-declarators , variable-declarator

variable-declarator:
identifier
identifier = variable-initializer

variable-initializer:
expression
array-initializer

method-declaration:
method-header method-body

method-header:
attributes_opt method-modifiers_opt return-type member-name ( formal-parameter-list_opt )

method-modifiers:
method-modifier
method-modifiers method-modifier

method-modifier:
new
public
protected
internal
private
static
virtual
sealed
override
abstract
extern

return-type:
type
void

member-name:
identifier
interface-type . identifier

method-body:
block
;

formal-parameter-list:
fixed-parameters
fixed-parameters , parameter-array
parameter-array

fixed-parameters:
fixed-parameter
fixed-parameters , fixed-parameter

fixed-parameter:
attributes_opt parameter-modifier_opt type identifier

parameter-modifier:
ref
out

parameter-array:
attributes_opt params array-type identifier

property-declaration:
attributes_opt property-modifiers_opt type member-name

property-modifiers:
property-modifier
property-modifiers property-modifier

property-modifier:
new
public
protected
internal
private
static
virtual
sealed
override
abstract
extern

member-name:
identifier
interface-type . identifier

accessor-declarations:
get-accessor-declaration set-accessor-declaration_opt
set-accessor-declaration get-accessor-declaration_opt

get-accessor-declaration:
attributes_opt get accessor-body

set-accessor-declaration:
attributes_opt set accessor-body

accessor-body:
block
;

event-declaration:
attributes_opt event-modifiers_opt event type variable-declarators ;
attributes_opt event-modifiers_opt event type member-name

event-modifiers:
event-modifier
event-modifiers event-modifier

event-modifier:
new
public
protected
internal
private
static
virtual
sealed
override
abstract
extern

event-accessor-declarations:
add-accessor-declaration remove-accessor-declaration
remove-accessor-declaration add-accessor-declaration

add-accessor-declaration:
attributes_opt add block

remove-accessor-declaration:
attributes_opt remove block

indexer-declaration:
attributes_opt indexer-modifiers_opt indexer-declarator

indexer-modifiers:
indexer-modifier
indexer-modifiers indexer-modifier

indexer-modifier:
new
public
protected
internal
private
virtual
sealed
override
abstract

indexer-declarator:
type this [ formal-parameter-list ]
type interface-type . this [ formal-parameter-list ]

operator-declaration:
attributes_opt operator-modifiers operator-declarator operator-body

operator-modifiers:
operator-modifier
operator-modifiers operator-modifier

operator-modifier:
public
static
extern

operator-declarator:
unary-operator-declarator
binary-operator-declarator
conversion-operator-declarator

unary-operator-declarator:
type operator overloadable-unary-operator ( type identifier )

overloadable-unary-operator: one of
+ - ! ~ ++ -- true false

binary-operator-declarator:
type operator overloadable-binary-operator ( type identifier , type identifier )

overloadable-binary-operator: one of
+ - * / % & | ^ << >> == != > < >= <=

conversion-operator-declarator:
implicit operator type ( type identifier )
explicit operator type ( type identifier )

constructor-declaration:
attributes_opt constructor-modifiers_opt constructor-declarator constructor-body

constructor-modifiers:
constructor-modifier
constructor-modifiers constructor-modifier

constructor-modifier:
public
protected
internal
private
extern

constructor-declarator:
identifier ( formal-parameter-list_opt ) constructor-initializer_opt

constructor-initializer:
: base ( argument-list_opt )
: this ( argument-list_opt )

static-constructor-declaration:
attributes_opt static identifier ( ) block

destructor-declaration:
attributes_opt ~ identifier ( ) block

operator-body:
block
;

Structs

struct-declaration:
attributes_opt struct-modifiers_opt struct identifier struct-interfaces_opt struct-body ;_opt

struct-modifiers:
struct-modifier
struct-modifiers struct-modifier

struct-modifier:
new
public
protected
internal
private

struct-interfaces:
: interface-type-list

struct-body:

struct-member-declarations:
struct-member-declaration
struct-member-declarations struct-member-declaration

struct-member-declaration:
constant-declaration
field-declaration
method-declaration
property-declaration
event-declaration
indexer-declaration
operator-declaration
constructor-declaration
static-constructor-declaration
type-declaration

Arrays

array-type:
non-array-type rank-specifiers

non-array-type:
type

rank-specifiers:
rank-specifier
rank-specifiers rank-specifier

rank-specifier:
[ dim-separators_opt ]

dim-separators:
,
dim-separators ,

array-initializer:

variable-initializer-list:
variable-initializer
variable-initializer-list , variable-initializer

variable-initializer:
expression
array-initializer

Interfaces

interface-declaration:
attributes_opt interface-modifiers_opt interface identifier interface-base_opt interface-body ;_opt

interface-modifiers:
interface-modifier
interface-modifiers interface-modifier

interface-modifier:
new
public
protected
internal
private

interface-base:
: interface-type-list

interface-body:

interface-member-declarations:
interface-member-declaration
interface-member-declarations interface-member-declaration

interface-member-declaration:
interface-method-declaration
interface-property-declaration
interface-event-declaration
interface-indexer-declaration

interface-method-declaration:
attributes_opt new_opt return-type identifier ( formal-parameter-list_opt ) ;

interface-property-declaration:
attributes_opt new_opt type identifier

interface-accessors:
attributes_opt get ;
attributes_opt set ;
attributes_opt get ; attributes_opt set ;
attributes_opt set ; attributes_opt get ;

interface-event-declaration:
attributes_opt new_opt event type identifier ;

interface-indexer-declaration:
attributes_opt new_opt type this [ formal-parameter-list ]

Enums

enum-declaration:
attributes_opt enum-modifiers_opt enum identifier enum-base_opt enum-body ;_opt

enum-base:
: integral-type

enum-body:

enum-modifiers:
enum-modifier
enum-modifiers enum-modifier

enum-modifier:
new
public
protected
internal
private

enum-member-declarations:
enum-member-declaration
enum-member-declarations , enum-member-declaration

enum-member-declaration:
attributes_opt identifier
attributes_opt identifier = constant-expression

Delegates

delegate-declaration:
attributes_opt delegate-modifiers_opt delegate return-type identifier ( formal-parameter-list_opt ) ;

delegate-modifiers:
delegate-modifier
delegate-modifiers delegate-modifier

delegate-modifier:
new
public
protected
internal
private

Attributes

attributes:
attribute-sections

attribute-sections:
attribute-section
attribute-sections attribute-section

attribute-section:
[ attribute-target-specifier_opt attribute-list ]
[ attribute-target-specifier_opt attribute-list ,]

attribute-target-specifier:
attribute-target :

attribute-target:
assembly
field
event
method
module
param
property
return
type

attribute-list:
attribute
attribute-list , attribute

attribute:
attribute-name attribute-arguments_opt

attribute-name:
type-name

attribute-arguments:
( positional-argument-list_opt )
( positional-argument-list , named-argument-list )
( named-argument-list )

positional-argument-list:
positional-argument
positional-argument-list , positional-argument

positional-argument:
attribute-argument-expression

named-argument-list:
named-argument
named-argument-list , named-argument

named-argument:
identifier = attribute-argument-expression

attribute-argument-expression:
expression

Grammar extensions for unsafe code

Unsafe contexts

class-modifier:

unsafe

struct-modifier:

unsafe

interface-modifier:

unsafe

delegate-modifier:

unsafe

field-modifier:

unsafe

method-modifier:

unsafe

property-modifier:

unsafe

event-modifier:

unsafe

indexer-modifier:

unsafe

operator-modifier:

unsafe

constructor-modifier:

unsafe

destructor-declaration:
attributes_opt unsafe_opt ~ identifier ( ) block

static-constructor-declaration:
attributes_opt unsafe_opt static identifier ( ) block

embedded-statement:

unsafe-statement

unsafe-statement:
unsafe block

Pointer types

type:
value-type
reference-type
pointer-type

pointer-type:
unmanaged-type *
void *

unmanaged-type:
type

Pointers in expressions

primary-expression-no-array-creation:

pointer-member-access
pointer-element-access
sizeof-expression

unary-expression:

pointer-indirection-expression
addressof-expression

Pointer indirection

pointer-indirection-expression:
* unary-expression

Pointer member access

pointer-member-access:
primary-expression -> identifier

pointer-element-access:
primary-expression-no-array-creation [ expression ]

The address-of operator

addressof-expression:
& unary-expression

The sizeof operator

sizeof-expression:
sizeof ( unmanaged-type )

embedded-statement:

fixed-statement

The fixed statement

fixed-statement:
fixed ( pointer-type fixed-pointer-declarators ) embedded-statement

fixed-pointer-declarators:
fixed-pointer-declarator
fixed-pointer-declarators , fixed-pointer-declarator

fixed-pointer-declarator:
identifier = fixed-pointer-initializer

fixed-pointer-initializer:
& variable-reference
expression variable-initializer:
expression
array-initializer
stackalloc-initializer

Stack allocation

stackalloc-initializer:
stackalloc unmanaged-type [ expression ]