Past Tense Simple vs. Present Perfect

Past Tense Simple vs. Present Perfect

I.

Past Tense este folosit pentru a evenimente care au avut loc in trecut si ai caror autori nu mai exista in prezent, pe cand la Present Perfect evenimentle au avut loc in trecut dar autorii sau efectele evenimentelor mai exista si in prezent:

II.

Present Perfect este folosit pentru a exprima o actiune inceputa in trecut si care continua in momentul vorbirii sau care are efecte asupra prezentului. Complinirile adverbiale de timp caracteristice pentru aceasta intrebuintare sunt cele indicand:

a)      lungimea perioadei de timp:

- for a long time = de multa vreme

- for ten minutes = de zece minute

- for two days = de doua zile

- for 5 years = de 5 ani, etc.

Ex.: He has been here for half an hour. (El e aici de o jumatate de ora)

(!!!Inca e aici)

b)      inceputul perioadei de timp:

- since yesterday = de ieri

- since december = din decembrie

- since you came = de cand ai venit, etc.

Ex.: He has been studying English since the beginning of the school year. (Studiaza engleza de la inceputul anului scolar).

Perioada de timp redata printr-o propozitie temporala introdusa de since poate fi exprimata:

- printr-un verb la Past Tense, cand se specifica momentul initial al perioadei:

- printr-un verb la Present Perfect, cand cele doua actiuni sunt paralele:

It hasnt stopped raining since Ive been in this town.

I have never come across my friends since Ive stayed in this hotel.

ATENTIE!!!

Determinarea for./since este obligatorie pentru aceasta intrebuintare a perfectului prezent. Folosirea lui Present Perfect Simple fara determinare temporala cu for./since se refera la o actiune incheiata si nu la una care continua si in momentul vorbirii.:

He has lived in Bucharest (some time in his life; he may live there again, but he is not living there now).

He has studied English (some time in the past, so he knows it, but he is not studying it now).

Diferenta intre cele 2 intrebuintari (cu sau fara determinare temporala cu for./since) reiese si din modul in care se traduc in limba romana: actiunea care continua si in momentul vorbirii prin prezent, iar cea incheiata, petrecuta in trecut intr-un moment de timp nedefinit, deci nespecificat prin perfectul compus.

Ex.: He has stayed in this hotel. --- A stat in acest hotel.

He has stayed in this hotel for a week. --- Sta in acest hotel de o saptamana.

III.

Present Perfect este folosit, la fel ca si Past Tense pentru a desemna un eveniment anterior momentului vorbirii; deosebirea intre cele doua timpuri este:

- in axa pe care se plaseaza vorbitorul: axa prezentului → Present Perfect sau

axa trecutului → Past Tense

SI

- in natura evenimentului descris:

a) nedefinit → Present Perfect

b) definit, unic → Past Tense

EX.: Ive seen Mary.

I saw her at the conference.

IV.

Folosirea lui Present Perfect este asociata cu adverbe care exprima o perioada de timp deschisa, neterminata:

today, this week, this month, etc

Ex.: Ive been to the theatre this week.

Folosirea lui Past Tense este asociata cu adverbe care exprima o perioada de timp inchisa, terminata

Ex.: I went to the theatre last week.

V.

Present Perfect este uneori folosit cu valoare de Past Tense pentru a exprima o actiune savarsita in trecut si terminata recent sau chiar inaintea momentului vorbirii.

Ex.: He has come. (A sosit)

Aceasta intrebuintare a lui Present Perfect este adeseori marcata de adverbe de timp ca:

Just (tocmai), already (deja), up to now, so far (pana acum), lately, recently (in ultima vreme), yet

Ex.: He has just phoned. (Tocmai a telefonat)

ATENTIE !!!

Cu adverbe de timp ca today, this morning, this month, this year, recently, se poate folosi fie Past Tense, fie Present Perfect, in functie de:

a)      caracterul actiunii (definit / nedefinit) SI

b)      al perioadei de timp (incheiata / neincheiata):

Ex.: a) Did you hear Ion Voicu play recently? (on a certain occasion).

Have you heard Ion Voicu play recently? (in the near past, not a long time ago)

b) Did you see him this morning? (Now its 5 oclock p.m.)

Have you seen him this morning? (Now its 11 a.m.)

VI.

Present Perfect poate exprima o actiune caracteristica, repetata in trecut, prezent si poate si in viitor:

He has performed in public. (A interpretat in public)

Aceasta intrebuintare este marcata de adverbe de frecventa ca: often, always, never, sometimes, etc.

He has often performed in public.