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THE VERB
Classification of the verbs
According to the form: a) regular verbs e.g. work-worked
b) irregular verbs e.g. write-wrote-written
According to the role played in the predication:
auxiliary verbs be, have, do, shall, will, should, would
-precede a notional verb to form the categories of tense, mood, voice, aspect
-function as predicates in the sentence
Verb categories
Mood: a) finite: Indicative, Subjunctive, Imperative
b) non-finite: Infinitive, Gerund, Participle
Voice: a) active voice
b) passive voice
Tense: a) present
b) past
c) future
Aspect: a) simple: shows the action or state as something complete, repeated or
permanent
b) progressive: shows the action in development at a certain moment
c) perfect: action or state seen as anterior to a certain moment of reference
(present/past/future)
d) perfect progressive: action anterior too and in progress at a moment of time
Tenses
a. Present Simple Tense
I read. Do I read? I dont read.
You read. Do you read? You dont read.
He reads. Does he read? He doesnt read.
Spelling rules:
-verbs which end in sh, -ch, -x, -ss, -o, -z form the third person singular with es (e.g. He washes/ watches TV/ goes home
-verbs which end in -y preceded by a consonant, -y changes into i before es (e.g. try-tries
Expresses:
-repeated, habitual action e.g. I go to school every day.
-eternal, scientific truth e.g. The sun rises in the east.
-a state or single action at the present moment e.g. She looks ill.
-future action part of an official programme e.g. We leave London at 8 p.m. and we arrive
at Vienna at 1 p.m.
Time-indicators:
always, often, frequently, usually, generally, normally, occasionally, sometimes, rarely, seldom, hardly ever, never, every day/week/year, once a week/month, twice a year etc.)
Peter is always late for school.
I often read at night.
I usually get up early.
I usually go running but I never go swimming.
He sometimes does his homework on Monday.
She seldom cries but often laughs.
She paints every evening.
He goes to ballet classes twice a week.
I am reading. Am I reading? I am not reading.
You are reading. Are you reading? You arent reading.
He is reading. Is he reading? He isnt reading.
Spelling rules:
-silent e is dropped before the suffix ing (e.g. He is coming.
-y remains unchanged before the suffix ing (e.g. He is crying.
-the final consonant is doubled before ing when the preceding vowel is stressed and marked by one letter (e.g. He is planning a trip. He is swimming
-the final consonant is doubled before the suffix -ing if the verb ends in l (e.g. He is controlling the ship. He is travelling abroad.
-the final consonant is doubled before ing if the verb ends in ap or ip and if the stress is on the first syllable (e.g. kidnapping, worshipping
-verbs that end in ie change this to y before ing (e.g. die-dying, lie-lying, tie-tying
Expresses:
-action happening at the moment of speaking e.g. I am writing now.
-a temporary habit e.g. He is writing another novel.
-a future action planned in the present e.g. I am leaving tomorrow.
Time-indicators:
now, at the moment, at the present, right now, just now.
I am studying now.
Where are you living at the moment?
I am sitting in a pink bathtub.
Where are you going right now?
Verbs not normally used in continuous tenses:
a. verbs expressing physical or mental perception:
e.g. see, hear, smell, taste, feel, notice, observe
-they are often used with can e.g. I cant see what he is doing.
e.g. believe, feel, think, know, understand, remember, forget, recollect, suppose, mean, gather, want, wish, forgive, refuse, love, hate, like, dislike, care, seem, appear, belong, consist of, possess, matter, have (possess), expect etc
I know him.
I remember everything.
I want to break free.
I love cats.
!Verbs of perception and non-conclusive verbs may be found in continuous tenses when they denote voluntary activities with a change of meaning.
The doctor is seeing another patient.
Tom is seeing sights.
Which judge is hearing the case?
He is smelling the roses.
Mary is tasting the cake.
He is feeling his pulse.
I am expecting a letter.
He is having breakfast.
He is having the tap mended.
I am thinking.
c) Present Perfect Tense
I have worked/written. Have I worked/written? I havent worked/written.
You have worked/written. Have you worked/written? You havent worked/written.
He has worked/written. Has he worked/written? He hasnt worked/written.
Expresses:
-an action anterior to and including present e.g. He has learned the poem.
-an action which has just finished e.g. They have just gone out.
-an action whose time is not given e.g. They have invited us to tea.
-an action whose time is not definite e.g. We have not seen them lately.
-shows the present result of a past action e.g. They have closed the door.
-an action begun in the past and continued into the present or up to the present e.g. He
has used this car for ten years.
-an action which has happened during a time including the present e.g. She has
telephoned twice today.
Time-indicators:
just, already, yet, often, never, ever, before, always, lately, recently, today, this week/month, up to now, so far, till now, until now, since, for etc.
They have just eaten the soup.
They have already finished their work. Have they already finished their work?
Have you paid the bill yet? I havent paid it yet.
She has often visited her uncle.
I have never been to Japan.
Have you ever failed an exam?
Havent we met somewhere before?
She has always bought the best coffee.
We have not seen them lately.
Have you bought anything recently.
He has spent fifty pounds today.
They have played football twice this week.
Up to now/so far/till now/until now we have been so lucky.
He has used his car for ten years. (for = period of time up to now)
John has been ill since Friday. (since = starting moment up to now)
How long has he been ill?
d) Present Perfect Continuous Tense
I have been reading. Have I been reading? I havent been reading.
You have been reading. Have you been reading? You havent been reading.
He has been reading. Has he been reading? He hasnt been reading.
Expresses:
-the same kind of action as the present perfect, but the action is very often still happening
e.g. He has been teaching us for two years.
-emphasizes the length of time the action has taken e.g. I have been thinking of you since
summer.
Time-indicators:
how long? - for/ since when? since
He has been teaching us for two years. (= He started to teach us two years ago, and he is still teaching us.)
It has been raining since three oclock. (= It started to rain at three oclock, and it is still raining.)
He has been working harder since he failed the exam. (= He began working harder after he had failed the exam.)
How long have you been studying English?
Since when have you been waiting for her?
He has been snoring since his tonsils were removed.
I have been thinking of mum for a week.
a. Past Simple Tense
I worked/wrote. Did I work/write? I didnt work/write.
You worked/wrote. Did you work/write? You didnt work/write.
He worked/wrote. Did he work/write? He didnt work/write.
Spelling rules:
-in regular verbs the past tense and past participle are formed by adding d (when the verb ends in e) or ed to the infinitive (e.g. close-closed, like-liked, open-opened, work-worked
-verbs which end in y preceded by a consonant change y into I before ed (e.g. cry-cried, try-tried)
-final y remains unchanged if it is preceded by a vowel (e.g. enjoy-enjoyed
-the final consonant is doubled before ed when the preceding vowel is stressed and marked by one letter (e.g. He planned a trip. He stopped the car
-the final consonant is doubled before the suffix -ed if the verb ends in l (e.g. He controlled the ship. He travelled abroad.
-the final consonant is doubled before ed if the verb ends in ap or ip and if the stress is on the first syllable (e.g. kidnapped, worshipped
Expresses:
-an action wholly completed at some point in the past e.g. He shot a rabbit yesterday.
-repeated actions e.g. Now and again I heard shots in the town.
-it is primarily the tense of narration e.g. Little Red Riding Hood decided to visit her Grandma. But on the way to her house she met the evil wolf, which ate her. The wolf went to Grandmas house, swallowed the lovely old lady, too, but out of the sky turned up the hunter who killed the wolf, opened its belly and the girl and her beloved Grandma climbed out safe and sound.
Time-indicators:
yesterday, the day before yesterday, yesterday morning/evening, last week/night, then, at that time, when?, long/an hour/a day ago, now and again, every so often etc.
Prepositional phrases:
on Monday, before/after the first of January, at a quarter past nine, at noon, before/after breakfast, in the morning/afternoon/evening, in January, in spring/summer, in 1944 etc.
Yesterday she came home late again.
He wrote a test the day before yesterday.
He went there then.
When did you last see her?
A year ago he was still a taxi driver.
The cat caught a mouse ten minutes ago.
Now and again I heard shots in the town.
Every so often I stopped to look at my map.
He got a hamster on Monday.
They got married in January.
He joined the party in 1950.
I was reading. Was I reading? I wasnt reading.
You were reading. Were you reading? You werent reading.
He was reading. Was he reading? He wasnt reading.
Expresses:
-an action going on at a given past moment e.g. She was cooking at midday.
-an action that was going on at a time when something else happened e.g. She was sitting
at her desk when I came in.
-an action filling up the whole period of time in the past (when the action is considered in its progress) e.g. It was raining all day yesterday.
-parallel actions: the two actions were going on at the same time e.g. While I was crying,
she was laughing.
-certain feelings (impatience, blame, praise etc) e.g. I thought you were never coming.
Time-indicators:
adverbials expressing a point of time (at 9 p.m.), sub-clauses of time (when, while), all day yesterday, all the time etc,
She was sleeping at 9 p.m.
He was repairing the electricity when a short circuit killed him.
While he was playing golf, he was biting his lips.
At seven-thirty he wasnt watching the news but he was bathing his son.
Were you sleeping during the show?
She was scratching her back during the whole film.
I was being followed all the time.
I was sitting on the lower stone of the quay watching the melon rind floating.
g. Past Perfect Tense
I had worked/written. Had I worked/written? I hadnt worked/written.
You had worked/written. Had you worked/written? You hadnt worked/written.
He had worked/written. Had he worked/written? He hadnt worked/written.
Expresses:
-a single action or repeated actions which took place before a given past moment
-the past moment from which the accomplished action is viewed may be clear from the text (e.g. I was angry with him because he had forgotten to post the letter.), fixed by an adverbial (e.g. Everything had been prepared by then.), fixed by another action (e.g. By the time the bell rang, we had already done all the exercises.
-an action begun before a given past moment (e.g. She had been ill for two weeks when I learnt about it.
-an action that was prevented or stopped before it was completed (e.g. They had an accident before they had driven ten miles.
Time-indicators:
already, by the time, by five oclock, after, before, as soon as, hardly, scarcely, no sooner, for/since when, how long when? etc.
By the time the train got to the station, the train had already left.
My hair had turned grey by the time I wrote this.
After he had eaten it, he got sick.
By the time the hunter loaded his gun, the hare had already run away.
Before she ran away she had put a carrot into the muzzle of the rifle.
He went to the army as soon as he had finished his studies.
She went mad when she saw I hadnt bought bread.
I hadnt thought of death until I met the devil.
Hardly had I sat down when the phone rang.
Scarcely had I opened the door when a gust of wind blew the candle out.
How long had you been at home when I rang you up?
I had been reading. Had I been reading? I hadnt been reading.
You had been reading. Had you been reading? You hadnt been reading.
He had been reading Had he been reading? He hadnt been reading.
Expresses:
-an action begun before a given moment in the past and continued into the past moment or come very close up to that past moment (e.g. By that time he had been teaching us for two years
-a previous action whose result is still continuing at a given past moment although the action itself has ceased (e.g. Why did you feel tired? Because I had been working hard all day.
Time-indicators:
by, for/since, how long?, sub-clauses of time (when/before/after)
He had been sitting at the fox-hole for hours when at last a bunny showed up.
She had been driving in the traffic for less than 10 minutes when the examiner asked her to change seats.
He had been typing for ten minutes when he saw there was no sheet in the typewriter.
When he woke up, the cock had been crowing for half an hour.
Why were you crying? I was crying because I had been peeling onions.
I shall read. Shall I read? I shant read.
You will read. Will you read? You wont read.
He will read. Will he read? He wont read.
Expresses:
-a single action or state that refers to future (e.g. I shall speak to him tomorrow
-repeated or habitual actions (e.g. He will come here every other day
-an action of more general character giving a permanent characteristic to the subject (e.g. He will make a very good teacher
-future action which is not controlled by human will but is dependent on external circumstances (e.g. You will know the result next week
-the speakers opinion, assumptions, speculations about the future (e.g. I think it will snow tomorrow
Time-indicators:
tomorrow, the day after tomorrow, tomorrow morning/evening, next week/month/year, then, soon, in a few minutes/hours etc.
I shall wash it tomorrow.
Will you go to the party the day after tomorrow?
I`ll be a fireman or a soldier.
I`ll marry you next year.
It will be ready in two minutes.
I shall go to the library twice a week.
She wont believe this story.
I am sure they will come back.
I shall be reading. Shall I be reading? I shant be reading.
You will be reading. Will you be reading? You wont be reading.
He will be reading. Will he be reading? He wont be reading.
Expresses:
-an action going at a given future moment (e.g. What will you be doing at this time tomorrow?
-an action filling up a whole period of time in the future (when the action is considered to be in progress) (e.g. I shall be watching TV all evening.
-an action characteristic of the subject at a given period of time in the future (e.g. Well be busy in May. Well be preparing for our exams then.
-to show that an event will occur as part of a plan or programme (e.g. I shall be seeing him tomorrow.
-an assumption about the future (e.g. I expect hell be feeling better tomorrow.
Time-indicators:
at this time tomorrow, at five oclock tomorrow, all day tomorrow, sub-clauses of time etc.
I shall be playing with my baby at 10 oclock this evening.
I shall be playing the guitar at 5 tomorrow.
I shall be painting all day tomorrow.
I shall be watching TV while ironing.
It has just been on the news that it will be raining all next week.
According to the plans the chorus will be singing the refrain when the mayor enters.
I shall be writing to her in the course of next week.
I think theyll be arriving soon.
I bet theyll getting married soon.
I shall have worked/written. Shall I have worked/written? I shant have worked/written.
You will have written. Will you have written? You wont have written.
He will have worked. Will he have worked. He wont have worked.
Expresses:
-an action already completed at a given future moment
-the future moment from which the completed is viewed may be indicated by means of an adverbial _expression (e.g. By this time tomorrow they will have crossed the Channel.) or by means of another action (e.g. We shall have finished this work when you return
-an action begun before a given future moment and still going on at the future moment (e.g. By the first of July we shall have been here for a year
Time-indicators:
by this time tomorrow, by then, by next summer, a year from now, for by etc.
The plane will have landed by 6 tomorrow.
By the time you light a new candle, the other ones will have burnt down.
I shall have written it by this afternoon.
By the time you count up to three, I shall have it done.
By the time we get old, we shall have saved enough money to buy a flat.
A year from now you will have forgotten all about me.
We shall have walked a long way before we reach the sea.
You will have known each other for ten years by the end of this year.
I shall have been reading. Shall I have been reading? I shant have been reading.
You will have been reading. Will you have been reading? You wont have been reading.
He will have been reading. Will he have been reading? He wont have been reading.
Expresses:
-an action begun before a given future moment and continued up to or into that future moment (e.g. By next year I shall have been working in this factory for 15 years
-stresses the continuity of the action (e.g. By then they will have been staying here for a fortnight
Time-indicators:
by this time tomorrow, by then, by next summer, a year from now, for by etc.
Next year he will have been working in China for four years.
When the sun sets she will have been lying in the sun for a day.
When the sun rises he will have been sleeping for half a day.
This time next year he will have been building his house for two years.
Tomorrow the tap will have been dropping for a year.
Exercises
Complete the sentences with the present simple or present continuous:
a. What kind of music (you/ like) ?
Complete the text with the correct verbs in the past tens simple:
think, put out, can, be, jump, run, wake, lose, survive, realize, phone, arrive, scream
When Sam Collins up early one morning last year, she it was just another day. But then I smell smoke. I the awful truth. Our house on fire! I out of bed and 'Fire!'. Mum quickly the fire brigade and we all outside. The fire engine in a few minutes and the fire. I all my clothes in the fire but at least we all .
A: Guess what happened while we (swim) in the lake yesterday afternoon!
B: What?
A: A boy and a girl (row) in the middle of the lake. As they (stand up) to change places, the boy (fall) into the water.
B: Then what (happen) ?
A: A lifeguard, who (watch) everybody, (see) what happened.
B: What (do) he ?
A: He (jump) into the water and (rescue) the boy.
I/ not be/ to the dentist/ two years.
I havent been to the dentist for two years.
a. I/ know my friend Paul/ 1997.
Choose the correct verbs to complete the text:
My brother Steve and his wife Fran are married/ have been married for two years and have/ are having an eight-month-old baby. At present Fran is working/ has worked for an advertising company but Steve doesnt have/ having a job. For the last six months he has stayed/ stays at home to look after the baby. At the moment he has done/ is doing evening classes in cookery and Fran just enroll/ has just enrolled on an Information Technology course. Their problem is that they dont go out/ havent been out to have fun for ages!
Nicola/ work/ in the hotel/ a week.
Nicola has been working in the hotel for a week.
a. Do you realize, I/ wait here/ two oclock!
Complete the text with the past continuous or past perfect form of the verbs:
Last year my uncle (work) in the USA and he and my aunt (decide) to spend a few days in New York. One day they (walk) down the street when a young man suddenly bumped into my uncle. My uncle noticed that his shoulder (drip) with tomato ketchup! A young girl, who (stand) beside him, began to wipe his jacket. Luckily, my aunt, who (see) everything, shouted: 'John! Watch out!' The young girl quickly disappeared. Then my uncle realized that he (nearly/be) the victim of a clever pair of pickpockets.
(Snapshot Pre-intermediate/ Intermediate)
a. When you (see) him, ask him to come.
Present Simple or Present Continuous?
a. You usually (walk) quite slow. Why you (walk) so fast today?
Present Continuous or Present Perfect Continuous?
a. It is five oclock. I (wait) for Mary for half an hour. I must be off now.
Present Perfect or Present Perfect Continuous?
a. I (not see) you since the end of the term.
Present Perfect or Past Tense?
a. I (not see) them since May.
(Budai Lszl: English Grammar)
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