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Kasus: Nominativ und Akkusativ
What is the subject of a sentence?
The subject of a sentence is the person or thing that
is “doing” the verb. To find the subject, look for the verb and ask “Who or
what is doing?” (substitute the verb for “doing” -- Who or what is singing? Who
or what is sleeping?) Subjects are always in the NOMINATIVE
CASE
What is the direct object of a sentence?
The direct object receives the action of the verb. To
find the direct object, look for the verb and ask “Who or what is being
verbed?” (as in Who or what is being kicked? Who or what is being read?) Direct objects take the ACCUSATIVE CASE
For example:
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The woman sees the girl. |
The woman is the subject and is nominative. |
|
the girl is the direct object and is accusative. |
|
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The girl sees the woman. |
The girl is the subject and is nominative. |
|
the woman is the direct object and is accusative. |
|
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George W. Bush is the President. |
George W. Bush is the subject and is nominative. |
|
the President is ALSO nominative because it follows “to be” (is). |
In English the articles “the”, “a” and “an” do not change
depending on whether the noun is accusative or nominative. (Only pronouns
change case in English: compare “She sees me” and “I see her”.)
In German not only the personal pronouns but also many other
words change their form based on case. The articles (der, ein, kein,
etc.), possessive adjectives (mein, dein, etc.), and a few (unusual)
nouns all change their form (usually by adding or changing endings) depending
on what case they are in. Right now we’ll be dealing mostly with the definite
articles (der/die/das) and the indefinite articles (ein/eine);
the table below shows how they change in the accusative case:
|
Nominative |
||
|
Definite |
Indefinite |
|
|
Masc. |
Der Tisch ist braun. |
Das ist ein Tisch. |
|
Fem. |
Die Lampe ist neu. |
Das ist eine Lampe. |
|
Neut. |
Das Fenster ist offen. |
Das ist ein Fenster. |
|
Plural |
Die Bücher sind interessant. |
Das sind keine Bücher. |
All of the nouns above are in the nominative
case because they are
the subjects of the sentences or because they follow the verb “sein.”
|
Accusative |
||
|
Definite |
Indefinite |
|
|
Masc. |
Ich sehe den Tisch. |
Ich habe einen Tisch. |
|
Fem. |
Ich sehe die Lampe. |
Ich habe eine Lampe. |
|
Neut. |
Ich sehe das Fenster. |
Ich habe ein Fenster. |
|
Plural |
Ich sehe die Bücher. |
Ich habe keine Bücher. |
The nouns above are all in the accusative case because they are direct objects.
To summarize in a few words:
|
Nominative case is used: |
Accusative case is used: |
|
- for the subjects of sentences |
- for direct objects |
|
- after any form of the verb “to be” |
- after accusative prepositions |
A. Practice. Circle all nouns in the nominative, and
underline all nouns in the accusative.
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I meet them on Tuesday. |
He plays the piano. |
||
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They invited me. |
Run Lola Run is a German movie. |
||
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Paul hit the ball. |
I’m sleeping. |
||
|
Martin
and |
Is that a Mercedes? |
||
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Have you seen a Shakespeare play? |
Donald owns a hotel and a car. |
B. Auf deutsch. Now practice identifying subjects
and objects in these German sentences.
|
|
Er hat ein Buch. |
Subjekt = _______________ |
Objekt =________________ |
|
Ich trinke Kaffee. |
Subjekt = _______________ |
Objekt =________________ |
|
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Martin und Georg kaufen viele CDs. |
Subjekt = _______________ |
Objekt =________________ |
|
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Peter hat den Stift. |
Subjekt = _______________ |
Objekt =________________ |
|
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Herr Schmidt trinkt eine Cola und ein Bier. |
Subjekt = _______________ |
Objekt =________________ |
|
|
Unsere Großeltern sprechen Deutsch. |
Subjekt = _______________ |
Objekt =________________ |
C. Sie sind dran. Now that you’ve had some practice recognizing forms, what about writing them yourselves? Fill in the blanks with the correct form of the articles in parentheses. First, figure out what word is subject and what is object; then think about what the right form is. Fill in the correct DEFINITE article (der/die/das/den).
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________________ Vater findet ________________ Tür nicht. |
|
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________ Professorin schreibt __________ Brief (=letter, m). |
|
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Hat ________________ Bruder ________________ Buch? |
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Er hat ________ Buch und ________ Stift. |
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________ Frau kauft ________ Fernseher, _______ Lampe und ________ Telefon (n). |
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Das ist ________ Mann! |
|
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Ich mache ________ Buch, ________ Tür und _______ Fenster auf. |
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________ Zimmer ist sehr groß. |
|
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________ Bücher (pl) sind klein. |
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Wo sind ________________ Kinder (pl)? |
|
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Wo ist _________ Schreibtisch? |
|
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Ich sehe _________ Schreibtisch. |
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Wir hören ________ Studenten (pl). |
|
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________________ Mutter lernt Englisch. |
|
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Herr und Frau Schmidt verstehen ________________ Sohn und ________________ Tochter nicht. |
Fill in the correct INDEFINITE article (ein/eine/einen).
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________ Mann kommt ins Klassenzimmer. |
|
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Hast du ________ Bruder oder ________ Schwester? |
|
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________________ Stuhl ist kaputt. |
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Hast du ________________ Stuhl? |
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Ich suche ________ Stuhl und _________ Tasche. |
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Meine Schwester und ich sehen ________________ Freund und ________________ Freundin in der Schule. |
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Heute (=today) kommt ________ Neffe von mir (=of mine). |
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________ Studentin heißt Karin und ________ Student heißt Karl. |
Fill in the correct form of kein.
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Das ist ________ Mann -- das ist eine Frau! |
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Das ist ________ Problem (n). |
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Wir haben ________ Zeit (=time, f). |
|
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Hier ist ________ Uhr. |
|
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Sie hat ________ Lampe, ________ Stuhl und ________ Buch. |
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