TIMPURILE VERBALE

TIMPURILE

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Unui singur timp dintr-o limba ii pot corespunde doua timpuri dintr-o alta limba.

It's been raining for two days.Ploua de doua zile.

It often rains here. Aici ploua des.

UN prezent poate fi folosit shi pentru a exprima o actiune viitoare:

She is coming tomorow.

Ptr, a reda prezentul in engleza sunt patru forme verbale:

He's living in London at the moment. El locuieste la L. in acest moment .

He generally lives in London. In general, el locuieste la Londra.

She's lived here for two mounths. Ea locuieste aici de doua luni.

She's been living with him for six years. Ea locuieste impreuna cu el de 6 luni.

Prezentul simplu

Intrebuintare

1.ptr a descrie o actiune care se repeta in mod regulat

I go to the cinema every week.

Do your children often fight?

2.ptr a exprima un obicei:

He doesn't smoke but he drinks a lot.

I play the guitar.

3.ptr. a exprima un adevar general valabil, cum ar fi o lege fizica

Water freezes at 0C and boils at 100C.

The sun rises in the east and sets in the west.

4. ptr. a povesti o succesiune de evenimente scurte :

He opens the door, comes in and switches the light on .

5. ptr.a exprima o actiune programata in viitor, in special at, cand se specifica momentul producerii ei:

Your plane takes off at 12 o'clock and lands at 3 o'clock.

We meet them tomorow at dawn.

intr-o propozitie subordonata introdusa prin IF sau UNLESS, atunci cand verbul din principala este la viitor:

I'll kill you if you tell him.

They'll arrest you unless you cooperate.

dupa when, as soon as , before, after , intr-o fraza in care verbul din principala este la viitor :

I'll help you when I come back

We'll have dinner as sun as you're ready.

cu verbele care exprima un sentiment (love, like, hate, dislike, prefer.), cu cele care nu presupun notiunea de durata ( seem, want, belong, know, meen, wish.), si cu cele care redau cuvintele cuiva ( say, tell, ask, answer.

I don't like westerns, I prefer horros films.

What do you meen?

He seems tired.

He says your son does't work much.

OBS: atentie la caul verbului to think ( a gandi / a reflecta , a crede , a considera ..)

I'm not sleeping , I'm thinking.

I think you don't sleep enough.

Prezentul perfect simplu

Present Perfect nu se traduce intotdeauna cu perfectul compus din romana.

Formare

	have/has+ Vb.III(ed)

I have painted my car.    Mi-am vopsit masina

He has eaten fish El mananca peste .

I haven't understood anything N-am inteles nimic.

Have they arrived?    Au sosit?

Hasn't she got married yet? Ea nu s-a maritat inca?

Intrebuintare

Se foloseste indeosebi atunci cand e vorba de prezent sau de viitor decat cand e vorba de trecut.

I have arrived? inseamna I am here

Have you met John? Inseamna Do you knou John?

1.El descrie o actiune trecuta ale carei efecte se fac simtite si in prezent

I have finished my essay. Mi-am terminat lucrarea .

They have sold there house . Ei si-au vandut casa.

OBS: Titlurile ziarelor si informatiile de radio si televiziune se scriu adesea la present perfect simple:

The hostages have been freed. Ostaticii au fost eliberati .

The president has resigned. Presedintele a demisionat.

2.Se foloseste cu indicatorii temporali nedifiniti, cum ar fi ever, never, before, yet, already..dar niciodata cu indicatorii temporali definiti: yesterday, last week, a mounth ago

I have already told you that.

3.Se folosete ptr a descrie o actiune care a inceput in trecut si se continua in momentul vorbirii:

I haven't seen him today yet. Nu l'am vazut inca azi.

( dar " I didn't see him yesterday")

4.Folosit impreuna just acest timp descrie ceea ce s-a intamplat de curand:

He has just arrived. El tocmai a sosit .

They ' ve just got married. Ei tocmai s-au casatorit.

Descrie o actiune inceputa in trecut si care se prelungeste si in prezent:

How long have you been here? De cand esti aici.

I've been here for three months. Sunt aici de trei luni.

I've been here since Christmas. Sunt aici de la Craciun.

OBS: for durata for an hour = de o ora

since + moment precis: since one o'clock = de la ora unu

"for " inseamna si " timp de

EX: I've lived in London for two years. Locuiesc la L. de doi ani.

I lived in London for two years. Am locuit on L. timp de doi ani.

Se foloseste in expresiile :" This is the first time ....It's a long time since.."

This is the first time I've eaten caviar Este ptr prima oara cand mananc icre negre.

It's a long time since you have written to me. De mult nu mi-ai mai scris .

Prezentul Perfect Continuu

Acest timp insista asupra duratei unei actiuni care a inceput in trecut si se continua in prezent. Faceti diferenta:

I've written three letters. Am scris trei scrisori.

I've been writing for three hours. Scriu de trei ore. ( continuitate )

Formare:

	have/has+been+Vb.+ing

I have been working for a week. Lucrez de o saptamana.

He hasn't been working for a week.    El nu lucreaza de o saptamana.

Has he been working for a week? El lucreaza de saptamana?

Hasn't he been working for a week?    Nu lucreaza el de o saptamana?

Perfectul prezent continuu se foloseste cam in aceleasi situatii ca si Prezentul perfect simplu. Totusi el accentuiaza ideea de continuitate in prezent actiunii descrise:

I've lived here for years. Locuiesc aici de ani de zile . Voi pleca)

I've been living here for years. Locuiesc aici de ani de zile.. Raman )

I've painted my room. Mi'am zugravit camera. Si am terminat )

I've been painting for hours.    Pictez de mai multe ore.

OBS Interogatia are adesea urmatoarea forma:

How long have you been learning English? ( De cand inveti engleza?)

2.Formarea trecutului

Trecutul simplu

Denumit in engleza simple past , acesta corespunde in romana cu perfecttul simplu perfectul compus si cu imperfectul.

Este un timp simplu care se formeaza fara auxiliar.Este timpul care pune cele mai multe probleme , printre altele si din cauza folosirii perfectului compus dn romana.

Este timpul povestirii prin excelenta:

EX: Moliere was born in 1622. He became an actor , wrote plays and died in 1673.

Formare :

	S+Vb.II(ed)+complement

Verbele regulate urmeaza o regula simpla: trecutul afirmativ (la fel ca si participiul trecut ), se formeaza adaugand -ed d) daca verbul se termina in -e

to work worked; to live lived

Shakespeare lived in the sixteenth and seventeenth ceturies.

Shakespeare a trait in secolele al XVI lea si al XVII lea.

Daca verbul se termina intr-o vocala +y, y se transforma in -i

To try tried; to cry cried

Verbele care au accentul pe ultima silaba si se termina intr-o consoana precedata de o vocaladubleaza aceasta vocala finala:

to stop stopped to rob robbed to prefer preferred

Verbele neregulate au fiecare un mod propriu de formare a trecutului afirmativ( ca si a participiului trecut) : to make made to take took T ( forma a doua a verbului de conjugat).

Intrebuintare:

Trecutul simplu este cel mai frecvent folosit cand este vorba de trecut.El se aplica unei actiuni trecute, incheiate si datate

Henry al VIII-lea married six times.

What did you do when you met him?

I went to London six years ago.

Acest timp se foloseste ptr a exprima o intamplare trecuta :

William the Conqueror became King of England in 1066.

Wilhelm Cuceritorul deveni rege al Angliei in 1066.

Se foloseste ptr o actiune scurta sau o succesiune de actiuni scurte

He came in, took his gun and shot everybody.

El intra, isi lua arma si impusca pe toata lumea.

Se mai utilizeaza ptr o actiune repetata in trecut:

I walked to school when I was your age.

Mergeam pe jos cand eram de varsta ta.

In concordanta timpurilor fara a se face vreo referire la trecut

I wish I had a motorbike. As vrea sa am o motocicleta.

If you got up earlier, you could work more. Daca te-ai scula mai devreme , ai putea munci mai mult.

Cu exceptia acestui ultim caz totdeauna exista o raportare la trecut, intr-o propozitie cu verbul la preterit.

Aceasta raportare poate fi explicita : - Corneille wrote Le Cid in 1636.( C. a scris Cidul in 1636)

Alteori poate fi implicita(subinteleasa): - Shakespeare wrote thirty-seven plays. ( obs: datarea se subintelege--se stie ca Shakespeare a murit).

Despre un scriitor in viata se va spune: - He has written two novels. ( El a scris doua romane-subinteles: pana acum).

Trecutul continuu

Acest timp se formeaza cu auxiliarul to be:

pers.i-iii sing.) + ing

were/ weren't (la celelalte pers.)