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I. SUBSTANTIVUL
Substantivele au diferite functii intr-o propozitie.
Ele pot fi:
Subiectul sau complementul direct sau indirect al unui verb
Numele predicativ al verbelor be, become si seem
Complement prepozitional
In cazul genitiv (Genitivul saxon sau sintetic)
In engleza substantivele au in toate aceste cazuri aceeasi forma - cu exceptia genitivului sintetic.
Nota
In engleza toate propozitiile trebuie sa aiba subiect. Subiectul poate fi un substantiv sau un pronume.
Substantivele in limba engleza se pot imparti in patru tipuri:
Substantive
proprii:
Substantive comune: doll, apple, plate, tree
Substantive abstracte: happiness, love, honesty, fear
Substantive colective: family, group, herd, staff
Nota
Substantivele proprii se scriu intotdeauna cu initiala majuscula.
Substantivele limbii engleze pot varia dupa gen si numar.
GENUL
Cele mai multe substantive au aceeasi forma pentru toate genurile.
friend child doctor cousin baby teenager artist cook
dancer driver teacher
genul poate fi indicat de un pronume insotitor.
My friend sent her son a present.
The doctor opened his bag.
Child si baby pot fi considerate neutre.
The baby closed its eyes and fell asleep.
Numele de tari sunt si ele considerate neutre.
Lately,
Multe substantive care denumesc oameni si animale au o forma feminina si una masculina
Son, daughter nephew, niece uncle, aunt
Actor, actress waiter, waitress gentleman, lady
Father, mother husband, wife man, woman
Bachelor, spinster heir, heirwss hero, heroine
Male, female bull, cow rooster, hen
Genul poate fi indicat combinand substantive fara gen cu: boy, girl, male, female, man, woman
Boyfriend, girlfriend male pilot, female pilot
Man dentist, woman dentist policeman, policewoman
Nota
Recent, in incercarea de a elimina "discriminarea de gen", exista o tendinta de a inlocui "terminatiile" man si woman cu person sau de a le elimina complet. In alte cazuri au fost create alte expresii sau alte cuvinte lipsite de gen.
Vechea folosire Noua folosire
Salesman, saleswoman salesperson
Chairman, chairwoman chairperson, chair
Steward, stewardess flight attendant
NUMARUL
In enlgeza substantivele se impart in doua categorii: numarabile si nenumarabile.
Substantivele numarabile se pot numara, adica au numar. Pot avea atat forme de singular cat si de plural. La singular pot fi precedate de a(n) sau one.
Plural
Forme regulate:
La majoritatea substantivelor se adauga -s formei de singular.
Book, books day, days house, houses
Donkey, donkeys safe, safes girl, girls
Substantivele terminate in o, ch, sh, s sau x primesc -es.
Potato, potatoes church, churches brush, brushes
Bus, buses box, boxes kiss, kisses
Substantivele terminate in consoana + y pierd pe y si primesc -ies.
Baby, babies factory, factories fly, flies
Nota
Exista exceptii: kilo, kilos photo, photos piano, pianos radio, radios soprano, sopranos
Forme neregulate
Unele substantive elimina -f / fe de la final si primesc -ves.
Calf, calves wife, wives wolf, wolves
Loaf, loaves leaf, leaves life, lives
Shelf, shelves thief, thieves knife, knives self, selves
Unele substantive isi modifica vocalele.
Foot, feet tooth, teeth goose, geese man, men
Woman, women mouse, mice louse, lice
Nota
Atentie! Child, children person, people
Unele substantive au aceeasi forma la singular si la plural:
Sheep,deer, aircraft, trout, series, species, salmon, means, fish, headquarters
Unele substantive exista numai la forma de plural.
Clothes, pants, pyjamas, scissors, glasses, scales, stairs, savings, outskirts, grounds, goods, earnings, valuables, surroundings, arms (weapons), archives, belongings, proceeds, wages, premises, the Middle Ages, braces, customs, trousers
Nota
Police este considerat a fi la plural.
The police are inspecting their house.
Nota
Aceste substantive nu sunt Niciodata precedate de numere (one, two, three etc.). pentru a indica numarul, folositi some, a little, etc. sau pair/set, group etc. + of.
Ten pairs of pants, three sets of archives, a roomful of belongings etc.
Unele substantive imprumutate pastreaza pluralul greces, italian sau latin.
Crisis, crises cactus, cacti phenomenon, phenomena
Datum, data libretto, libretti fungus, fungi
Nucleus, nuclei stimulus, stimuli criterion, criteria
Basis, bases thesis, theses oasis, oases
Axis, axes medium, media bacterium, bacteria
Nota
Engleza moderna foloseste adesea data, media si bacteria cu sens plural dar cu un verb la singular
The latest data is highly encouraging.
Numele de familie se pot folosi la plural pentru a indica intreaga familie. Numelui i se adauga un -s. Nu au loc schimbari de ortografie.
The Kennedys are world-famous.
Substantivele colective se
refera la un grup de oameni sau lucruri. Sunt in mod normal folosite la
singular. In engleza britanica se pot folosi atat verbe la singular cat
si la plural. In engleza
Family aristocracy enemy company council
Nobility gouvernment group proletariat press
Opposition gang jury community army public
Audience crew navy staff team committee
The jury are about to give their verdict. (engleza britanica)
The public is opposed to the new tax.
Nota
Spre deosebire de substantivele numarabile normale, substantivele colective nu pot fi direct precedate de numere sau "some".
Five OF THE group stayed past midnight.
Some OF THE opposition switched sides.
Nota
Ocazional substantivele colective sunt folosite la plural si sunt numarabile.
Romeo and Juliet came from two feuding families.
Only two teams can get to the finals.
Substantivele nenumarabile nu pot fi numarate, adica nu au numar. De obicei au numai forma de singular. Nu pot fi precedate de a(n) sau de numere.
Substantivele nenumarabile se impart in urmatoarele grupuri:
substantive concrete
water wood metal paper grass glass oil
silver gold sand snow rain bread milk
coffee butter wine fire food salt
substantive abstracte
love beauty hope relief experience advice
purity joy freedom information courage
design duty capacity education evil
time patience reality intelligence
Nota
Work este nenumarabil dar job este numarabil:
Harriet is looking for work. John has found two jobs.
Works inseamna: fabrica, parte mecanica, productie literara, fapte sau acte.
Mother Theresa of
Nota
Iata cateva substantive nenumarabile care in alte limbi se pot deseori numara:
Advice baggage luggage furniture
Damage hair shopping homework information
Knowledge money weather research progress
Business spaghetti news equipment
Substantive verbale (gerunzii sau verbe in -ing).
Camping dancing shopping jogging singing
Smoking is bad for your health.
Nume de limbi
German English Chinese Italian Spanish
Unele nume de boli, stiinte si jocuri au forma de plural dar in mod normal primesc un verb la singular. Sunt considerate nenumarabile.
Measles mumps billiards dominoes
Physics politics ethics acoustics
Statistics mathematics news electronics
Mathematics is an important subiect.
Nota
Unele substantive sunt atat numarabile cat si nenumarabile. Dar sensul lor e diferit in fiecare caz.
numarabile nenumarabile
a paper paper
a light light
a wood wood
a glass glass
an iron iron
a hair hair
He buys a paper everyday. The student had written an interesting paper on Keats. Paper is made of wood pulp.
Nota
Substantivele nenumarabile nu sunt niciodata precedate de numere (a, an, one, two, three etc). Iata cateva expresii folosite pentru a indica numarul/cantitatea:
A piece of information/furniture/advice/equipment/glass/paper/news
A type of atmosphere/behaviour/violence
An item of luggage/news/baggage
A case of mumps/measles/flu
A ray of hope/sunshine
A lot of strenght/security
Adjective folosite ca substantive
Folositi the + adjectiv pentru:
grupuri de persoane cu aceleasi caracteristici. Urmeaza un verb la plural.
The rich are not always as happy as we imagine.
calitate impersonala. Urmeaza un verb la singular.
The impossible has strong attraction for some people.
nationalitate (daca exista un cuvant separat).
The French the Chinese the English the Japanese
Dar
The Poles the Germans the Scots the Finns
Substantive compuse
Substantivele compuse sunt formate din doua sau mai multe cuvinte care, impreuna, creeaza un nou substantiv cu un nou sens
Babysitter chec-kup swimming pool mother-in-law
Substantivele compuse pot fi:
scrise ca un singur cuvant, cuvinte separate sau cu cratima. Daca aveti indoieli cel mai bine e sa consultati intotdeauna dictionarul.
Armchair can opener cover-up one-way street
numarabile sau nenumarabile
alarm clock fast food
compact disc human race
toothbrush drinking water
waiting room welfare state
yellow pages pocket money
compuse din doua substantive. Primul substantiv este folosit ca adjectiv si este la singular.
Chain factory (a factory for chains)
Cotton skirt (a skirt made of coton)
A ten-year-old girl (a girl who is ten years old)
Car accident (accident involving cars)
A two-week cruise (a cruise lasting two weeks)
substantivele compuse numarabile formeaza pluralul aplicand regulile normale de plural ultimului substantiv.
Mail boxes dish washers sleeping bags T-shirts
Nota
Uneori (dar rar) substantivele la plural pot fi folosite ca adjective:
Sports car customs department clothes store
Sales divison savings bank news item
substantivele compuse formate din verbe complexe sau substantive legate cu of si in au plurale neregulate.
Passers-by runners-up sisters-in-law
Lilies of the valley
Posesia: of si genitivul sintetic
Posesia se poate exprima folosind:
OF
In multe cazuri folosim of pentru a exprima posesia. Substantivele, folosite ca adjective, pot si ele uneori indica posesia.
Door of the car car door
Frame of the picture picture frame
Headquarters of the company company headquarters
The color of the wall the wall color
Needles of the pine tree pine tree needles
Engine of the car car engine
Nota
Adjectivele nu au numar. Substantivele care devin adjective sunt la singular.
The tops of the boxes. The box tops
Genitivul sintetic
In cazul persoanelor si animalelor folosim genitivul sintetic pentru a exprima posesia.
Forma: formati genitivul saxon adaugand 's sau ' substantivelor
's '
toate substantivele singulare substantivele plurale terminate
substantivele plurale care in -s
NU se termina in -s
James's the Gallaghers'
His
mother's the
My children's his sisters'
Utilizare: folositi genitivul sintetic:
pentru a exprima posesia cu referire la persoane si animale
Helen's mother is ill.
The old horse's mane is still very beautiful.
in expresii temporale
one week's pay today's news a year's leave
two hour's wait a month's holiday yesterday's partythe The plane had an hour's delay.
In
two weeks' time I'll be lying on the
beach in
cu pronume nehotarate ca: everybody, someone, anybody, anyone, nobody, no one - mai ales daca sunt insotite de else.
It's nobody's fault.
That must be somebody else's bag.
cu anumite institutii, grupuri, expresii geografice
The government's decision will be made public tomorrow.
The world's lakes and rivers are in a disastruous condition.
singur, cand al doilea substantiv inseamna: store, shop, studio, office, restaurant, church sau cathedral.
Go and buy a loaf of bread at the baker's (shop).
Their weeding was at St.Patrick's (cathedral).
cu OF (posesiv dublu).
Mandy is a friend of Ann's. = Mandy is one of Ann's friends.
Nota
Obiectul posedat pierde articolele si pronumele care il preced cand este folosit cu un genitiv sintetic.
His child owns THAT bicycle. It is broken. His child's bicycle is broken.
Nota
NU folosim genitivul sintetic:
Cu adjective folosite ca substantive:
He intends to improve the condition of the poor.
Cand posesorul este determinat de propozitii subordonate sau expresii lungi.
I'd like you to meet the mother of the boy who won first prize.
Exercitii:
Alegeti forma potrivita a verbelor. Observati diferenta de sens a substantivelor care primesc atat verbe la singular cat si la plural
1. His phonetics is/are much better than hers. 2. My trousers is/are flared. 3. The scissors is/are lost for ever, I guess. 4. Statistics is/are his favourite study. 5. Cod eats/eat a variety of food. 6. Acoustics is/are a branch of physics. 7. The new statistics shows/show a great increase in manufactured goods. 8. Youth today is/are turning away from the church. 9. What is/are the most efficient means of dealing with this problem? 10. The pliers is/are on the table. 11. The acoustics of the National Theatre Hall is/are excellent. 12. Politics is/are the art of the possible. 13. Poultry was/were expensive that winter. 14. What is/are your politics? 15. The people of the country lives/live beyond their means. 16. He had no time for visitors while the poultry was/were being fed. 17. Everybody's means is/are being tested. 18. Mathematics is/are given top priority nowadays. 19. What is/are cattle good for? 20. The police has/have made no arrest yet. 21. Fresh-water fish includes/include salmon, trout, carp and eels. 22. Gymnastics is/are not given enough attention in our school. 23. The Italian clergy was/were opposed to divorce. 24. Advice is/are readily given on all the technical aspects.
Combinati expresiile partitive din coloana A cu substantivele nenumarabile din coloana B. Traduceti-le in limba romana.
A B
An article of sugar
A bar of meat
A cake of bread
A grain of paper
A heap of soap
An item of chocolate
A loaf of land
A lump of rice
A pice of rubbish
A pile of evidence
A sheet of information
A slice of advice
A strip of luggage
A word of furniture
News
Cheia exercitiilor:
1. Are 2. Are 3. Are 4. Is 5. Eat 6. Is 7. Show 8. Are 9. Is 10. Are 11. Are 12. Is 13. Was 14. Are 15. Live 16. Were 17. Are 18. Is 19. Are 20. Have 21. Include 22. Are 23. Were 24. Is
a lump / a piece of sugar (o bucata de zahar)
a piece of meat (o bucata de carne)
a slice / loaf of bread (o felie de paine / o franzela, o paine)
a sheet / piece of paper (o foaie / bucata de hartie)
a cake / bar of soap (un sapun)
a bar / piece of chocolate (un baton de ciocolata)
a piece / strip of land (o bucata, o fisie de pamant)
a grain of rice (un bob de orez)
a pile / heap of rubbish (o gramada de gunoi)
a piece of evidence (o proba)
a piece / an item of information (o informatie)
a piece / word of advice (un sfat)
a piece of luggage (un bagaj)
a piece / an article of furniture (o piesa de mobilier)
a piece / an item of news (o stire)
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