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health

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Antineoplastic Agents

Antineoplastic Agents Alkylating Agents History Although synthesized in 1854, the vesicant properties of sulfur mustard were not described until 1887. During World War I, medical attention was first focused on the vesicant a
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Drugs Used for the Treatment of Myocardial Ischemia

Drugs Used for the Treatment of Myocardial Ischemia Overview This chapter briefly reviews the pathophysiology underlying angina pectoris, the most common symptom of chronic ischemic heart disease. The causes of the myocardial
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Treatment of Central Nervous System Degenerative Disorders

Treatment of Central Nervous System Degenerative Disorders Overview The neurodegenerative diseases include common and debilitating disorders such as Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, Huntington's disease, and amyotroph
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Drugs Used in the Chemotherapy of Protozoal Infections: Amebiasis, Giardiasis, Trichomoniasis, Trypanosomiasis

Drugs Used in the Chemotherapy of Protozoal Infections: Amebiasis, Giardiasis, Trichomoniasis, Trypanosomiasis, Leishmaniasis, and Other Protozoal Infections Overview Human beings host a wide variety of protozoal parasites that
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Pharmacological Treatment of Heart Failure

Pharmacological Treatment of Heart Failure Overview Heart failure is one of the most common causes of death and disability in industrialized nations and is among the syndromes most commonly encountered in clinical practice. Ov
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Therapeutic Gases: Oxygen, Carbon Dioxide, Nitric Oxide, and Helium

Therapeutic Gases: Oxygen, Carbon Dioxide, Nitric Oxide, and Helium Oxygen Oxygen is a fundamental requirement for animal existence. Hypoxia is a life-threatening condition in which oxygen delivery is inadequate to meet th
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Principles of Toxicology and Treatment of Poisoning

Principles of Toxicology and Treatment of Poisoning Overview Chemicals that are developed into drugs must have therapeutic efficacy and be safe. Unfortunately, all chemicals have the potential to produce unwanted effects. Ther
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Antimicrobial Agents: Antiviral Agents (Nonretroviral)

Antimicrobial Agents: Antiviral Agents (Nonretroviral) Overview The number of antiviral drugs has increased dramatically over the past decade, largely in response to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and its sequela
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Hydroxytryptamine (Serotonin): Receptor Agonists and Antagonists

Hydroxytryptamine (Serotonin): Receptor Agonists and Antagonists Overview This chapter deals with the diverse physiological roles of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT, serotonin) as a neurotransmitter in the central nervous system, as
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Drugs and the Treatment of Psychiatric Disorders: Depression and Anxiety Disorders

Drugs and the Treatment of Psychiatric Disorders: Depression and Anxiety Disorders Overview Drugs with demonstrated efficacy in a broad range of severe psychiatric disorders have been developed since the 1950s, leading to deve
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Antimicrobial Agents: Protein Synthesis Inhibitors and Miscellaneous Antibacterial Agents

Antimicrobial Agents: Protein Synthesis Inhibitors and Miscellaneous Antibacterial Agents Overview The antimicrobial agents discussed in this chapter are: (1) bacteriostatic, protein-synthesis inhibitors that act principally b
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Muscarinic Receptor Agonists and Antagonists

Muscarinic Receptor Agonists and Antagonists Overview Acetylcholine is the endogenous neurotransmitter at cholinergic synapses and neuroeffector junctions in the central and peripheral nervous systems. Its actions are mediated
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Pharmacokinetics: The Dynamics of Drug Absorption, Distribution, and Elimination

Pharmacokinetics: The Dynamics of Drug Absorption, Distribution, and Elimination Physicochemical Factors in Transfer of Drugs Across Membranes The absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion of a drug all involve its pas
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Hypnotics and Sedatives

Hypnotics and Sedatives Overview A wide variety of agents have the capacity to depress the function of the central nervous system (CNS) such that calming or drowsiness (sedation) is produced. Older sedative-hypnotic drugs depre
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Drug Addiction and Drug Abuse

Drug Addiction and Drug Abuse Overview Drugs are so commonly used and abused in modern society that virtually everyone has some familiarity with the concepts of drug addiction and abuse. The term addiction has entered every
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Opioid Analgesics

Opioid Analgesics Overview Opioids have been the mainstay of pain treatment for thousands of years, and remain so today. Opioids exert their therapeutic effects by mimicking the action of endogenous opioid peptides at opioid
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Analgesic-Antipyretic and Antiinflammatory Agents and Drugs Employed in the Treatment of Gout

Analgesic-Antipyretic and Antiinflammatory Agents and Drugs Employed in the Treatment of Gout Overview This chapter describes drugs used to treat the symptoms and signs of inflammation and drugs used for gout. Most currently a
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Histamine, Bradykinin, and Their Antagonists

Histamine, Bradykinin, and Their Antagonists Overview This chapter describes the physiological role and pathophysical consequences of histamine release and provides a summary of the therapeutic use of histamine H1-receptor ant
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Chemotherapy of Neoplastic Diseases

Chemotherapy of Neoplastic Diseases Introduction Among the subspecialties of internal medicine, medical oncology may have had the greatest impact in changing the practice of medicine in the past four decades, as curative treatm
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Antimicrobial Agents: Antiretroviral Agents

Antimicrobial Agents: Antiretroviral Agents Overview The acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) epidemic is one of the greatest challenges facing the medical community today. Infection with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)
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