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DIFFERENCES AND SIMILARITIES SENTENCE ADVERBS
DIFFERENCES AND SIMILARITIES
1. Collocation we can use a number of adjective / noun or adverb / verb collocations to say how different or similar people or things are. Other adjectives may have a similar meaning, but we cant use them because they dont collocate (see Lesson 1):
Theres a noted / wide / strong difference
Theres a marked / perceptible / vast / clear difference.
2. Synonyms and near-synonyms sometimes synonyms are virtually interchangeable:
This is one of the biggest / greatest days in our countrys history.
However, in different contexts, differences may emerge:
We need a bigger area / room / table / auditorium.
What a great idea / gesture / privilege / honour!
3. Modifiers we often want to comment on how big a difference is. To do so we use modifying adjectives, adverbs, adverbial phrases in comparisons:
Home-made pizza is miles batter than the rubbish you get in the supermarket.
Theres still a substantial difference between the two main parties.
4. Linking phrases we can use linking phrases to replace smaller than, as big as etc:
One teaspoon is equivalent to about 5 ml.
5. Idiomatic phrases we can use a number of idiomatic phrases in comparisons:
Using e-mail is as easy as falling off a log.
Dont go in there like a bull in a china shop and upset everyone.
PRACTICE
1. Underline the words and phrases that we can use in this sentence:
This years numbers were very small as against / relating to / in contrast to / compared to / whereas / tantamount to / equated to / in comparison with / comparable to the vast numbers we had last year.
Put the corresponding letter of the right word into the blank of each sentence.
a. outshone b. overshadowed c. overcast d. outweighed
a. equivalent b. same c. similar d. corresponded
a. shade b. degree c. iota d. note
a. closely b. nearly c. unfavourably d. accurately
a. difference b. variance c. discrepancy d. differentiation
a. identical b. uneasy c. uncanny d. indifferent
a. reflection b. image c. shadow d. miniature
a. outbid b. outweighed c. overdid d. underwrote
3. Fill each of the numbered blanks with an appropriate form of a verb from the list.
discriminate differ vary differentiate
diverge liken contrast compare
British vs American English
Millions of words have been written in an attempt to (1) the two languages, pointing out how they (2) but are still recognisably the same language. Clearly no one should (3) against the American species just because it is the younger partner. Some people have (4) the difference to that between a horse and mule, but that does not go very far towards (5) between the two languages. They are rather two breed of horse that have (6) very slightly over the years. Some points of British English grammar (7) quite sharply with American English, but the fact remains that accent (8) as much within each country as between the two.
4. Underline the adjective that we can use in this sentence.
His achievement in winning the silver medal was matchless / peerless / unequalled / unique / incomparable / outstanding.
SENTENCE ADVERBS
1. What are sentence adverbs? essentially, sentence adverbs or adverbial phrases that comment on a whole sentence or part of a sentence:
By and large, they are separated from the sentence by a comma.
Generally speaking, they go at the beginning of the sentence.
However, some can go at the end, apparently.
Moreover, we can certainly put some in the middle. (!)
2. When do we use sentence adverbs? sentence adverbs have a number of uses including organizing information, commenting, giving examples, changing the subject, rephrasing and summarising:
Firstly, we use them to show the sentence fits in with the rest of the text.
Alternatively, we may use them to express our attitude to what we are about to say.
In other words, we use them to comment on what we think or feel.
On the whole, they make it easier to understand what is going on.
Funnily enough, the two sentence adverbials that students of English get most confused about are On the contrary and On the other hand. (!)
PRACTICE
1. Underline the sentence adverb that best completes each sentence.
Put the corresponding letter of the right word into the blank of each sentence.
a. Accordingly b. Equally c. Explicitly d. Fundamentally
a. subsequently b. admittedly c. presumably d. paradoxically
a. broadly b. apparently c. conversely d. primarily
a. hopefully b. clearly c. however d. luckily
a. naturally b. lastly c. overall d. hopefully
a. in contrast b. in particular c. in retrospect d. in consequence
a. in theory b. in fairness c in conclusion d. in reality
a. As a result b. As far as I know c. As a rule d. As it turns out
3. Fill each gap with one of the words or phrases.
let alone to a certain extent predominantly notably on the contrary
4. Match the sentence adverbs in italics with the functions (1 4) below.
The Importance of Primary Groups
Over our lifetime, we spend much of our time in small groups. We are born into a family. As we grow older, we venture out from our family into the play groups of childhood and later into the cliques and crowds of adolescence. We marry and establish a new family group of our own and participate in the work groups and leisure groups of adulthood. Out of the associations formed in these groups, we fashion and have fashioned in us a changing and developing conception of self; we learn ways of behaving appropriate to varied social situations, and we acquire a set of social values and attitudes that allow us to respond to the structure and pressures of the larger society about us
We use the term primary group to describe groups of this kind. The term was first introduced into social science by Charles Horton Cooley in 1909. At that time, Cooley wrote in his book Social Organization:
By primary groups, I mean those characterized by intimate face-to-face association and cooperation. They are primary in several senses, but chiefly in that they are fundamental in forming the social nature and ideas of the individual. The result of intimate association, psychologically, is a certain fusion of individualities in a common whole, so that ones very self, for many purposes at least, is the common life and purpose of the group. Perhaps the simplest way of describing this wholeness is by saying that it is a we it involves the sort of sympathy and mutual identification for which we is the natural expression.
As we see it, the following general classes of groups are properly referred to as primary groups:
Dunphy. Dexter C. The Primary Group: A Handbook for Analysis
and Field Research.
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