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Majoritatea substantivelor formeza pluralul adaugand -s sau -es.
Singular |
Plural |
dog (caine) |
dogs (caini) |
book (carte) |
books (carti) |
rose (trandafir) |
roses (trandafiri) |
box (cutie) |
boxes (cutii) |
Substantivele care se termina in -y precedate de o consoana formeaza pluralul in -ies.
Singular |
Plural |
a cry (un strigat) |
cries (strigate) |
a fly (o musca) |
flies (muste) |
a nappy (un scutec) |
nappies (scutece) |
a poppy (un mac) |
poppies (maci) |
a city (un oras) |
cities (orase) |
a lady (o doamna) |
ladies (doamne) |
a baby (un copil) |
babies (copii) |
Unele substantive au forme neregulate de plural. Mai jos sunt mentionate cele mai des intalnite substantive cu forma neregulata de plural.
Exemple de plural neregulat:
Singular |
Plural |
woman (femeie) |
women (femei) |
man (barbat) |
men (barbati) |
child (copil) |
children (copii) |
tooth (dinte) |
teeth (dinti) |
foot (picior) |
feet (picioare) |
person (persoana) |
people (oameni) |
leaf (frunza) |
leaves (frunze) |
half (jumatate) |
halves (jumatati) |
knife (cutit) |
knives (cutite) |
wife (sotie) |
wives (sotii) |
life (viata) |
lives (vieti) |
loaf (franzela) |
loaves (franzele) |
potato (cartof) |
potatoes (cartofi) |
cactus (cactus) |
cacti (cactusi) |
focus (focar) |
foci (focare) |
fungus (ciuperca) |
fungi (ciuperci) |
nucleus (nucleu) |
nuclei (nuclee) |
syllabus (programa) |
syllabi/syllabuses (programe) |
analysis (analiza) |
analyses (analize) |
diagnosis (diagnostic) |
diagnoses (diagnostice) |
oasis (oaza) |
oases (oaze) |
thesis (teza) |
theses (teze) |
crisis (criza) |
crises (crize) |
phenomenon (fenomen) |
phenomena (fenomene) |
criterion (criteriu) |
criteria (criterii) |
datum (data) |
data (date) |
Unele substantive au aceeasi forma si la singular si la plural.
Exemple:
Singular |
Plural |
sheep (oaie) |
sheep (oi) |
fish (peste) |
fish (pesti) |
species (specie) |
species (specii) |
aircraft (avion) |
aircraft (avioane) |
Unele substantive au forma de plural insa fac acordul cu verbul la singular.
Exemple:
News stire/stiri) The
news is on at 6.30 p.m. (Stirile se difuzeaza la
6.30 pm).
athletics (atletism)
Athletics
is good for young people. (Atletismul este bun pentru tineri).
linguistics (lingvistica Linguistics
is the study of language. (Lingvistica reprezinta studierea
limbii).
darts (jocul darts)
Darts is a popular game in
England. (Darts este un joc popular in Anglia.)
billiards (billiard) Billiards is played all over the world. (Biliardul se joaca in toata lumea).
Unele substantive au forma de plural si fac acordul cu verbul la plural.
Exemple:
Trousers (pantaloni) My trousers are too tight. (Pantalonii mei sunt
prea stramti).
jeans (ginsi) Her
jeans are black. (Ginsii ei sunt negri).
glasses (ochelari) Those
glasses are his. (Acesti ochelari sunt ai lui.)
Alte exemple includ:
Savings (economii), thanks (multumiri), steps (trepte), stairs (scari), customs (obiceiuri) , congratulations (felicitari), tropics (tropice), wages (salarii) , spectacles (ochelari), outskirts (suburbii), goods (bunuri), wits (intelepciune)
Nota:
he, she, it: la persoana a treia singular verbul se termina intodeauna in -s:
he wants (el vrea),
she needs (ea are nevoie),
he gives (el da), she thinks (ea gandeste).
La formele negative si interogative se foloseste
DOES (a treia persoana a auxiliarului "DO")
+ infinitivul verbului.
He wants. Does he want? He does not want.(El doreste .; Doreste
el..? El nu doreste.).
La verbele care se termina in -y
: la persoana a treia -y se transforma in -ies:
fly flies
(a zbura, zboara), cry
cries
(a plange, plange)
Exceptie: daca avem o vocala inaintea lui -y:
play plays
(a (se) juca; (se) joaca , pray prays
(a (se) ruga; (se) roaga
Se adauga -es la verbele care se termina in:-ss, -x, -sh, -ch:
he passes, she catches, he fixes, it pushes (el
depaseste,
ea prinde, el repara, el/ea impinge)
Exemple:
1. Persoana a treia singular cu s sau -es
a. He goes to school every morning. (El merge la scoala in fiecare zi.)
b. She understands English. (El intelege limba engleza.)
c. It mixes the sand and the water. (El/ea amesteca
nisipul cu apa.)
d. He tries very hard. (El se straduieste din greu.)
e. She enjoys playing the piano. (Ei ii place sa cante la pian.)
2. Prezentul simpul, forma
Exemplu: to think - a gandi, prezent simplu
Afirmativ |
Interogativ |
Negativ |
I think (eu gandesc) |
Do I think ? (Gandesc?) |
I do not think. (Nu gandesc) |
You think (tu gandesti) |
Do you think? (Gandesti?) |
You don't think. (Nu gandesti) |
he, she, it thinks (el/ea gandeste) |
Does he, she, it think? (Gandeste?) |
He, she, it doesn't think. (Nu gandeste) |
we think (noi gandim) |
Do we think? (Gandim?) |
We don't think. (Nu gandim) |
you think (voi ganditi) |
Do you think? (Ganditi?) |
You don't think. (Nu ganditi) |
Prezentul continuu al oricarui verb este compus din doua parti - timpul prezent al verbului to be - a fi + participiu prezent al verbului principal.
(Forma participiului prezent este: baza+ing, ex.. talking, playing, moving, smiling)
Afirmativ |
||
Subiect |
+ to be |
+ baza+ing |
she |
is |
talking |
Negativ |
||
Subiect |
+ to be + not |
+ baza+ing |
she |
is not (isn't) |
talking |
Interogativ |
||
to be |
+ subiect |
+ baza+ing |
is |
she |
talking? |
Exemplu: to go (a merge), la prezentul continuu
Afirmativ |
Negativ |
Interogative |
I am going (eu merg) |
I am not going (eu nu merg) |
Am I going? (Eu merg?) |
You are going (tu mergi) |
You aren't going. (tu nu mergi) |
Are you going? (Tu mergi?) |
He, she, it is going (el/ea merge) |
He, she, it isn't going (el/ea nu merge) |
Is he, she, it going? (El/ea merge?) |
We are going (noi mergem) |
We aren't going (noi nu mergem) |
Are we going? (Noi mergem?) |
You are going (voi mergeti) |
You aren't going (voi nu mergeti) |
Are you going? (Voi mergeti?) |
They are going (ei merg) |
They aren't going (ei nu merg) |
Are they going? (Ei merg?) |
Nota: la negativ observati forma negativa de contractare: I'm not going, you're not going, he's not going etc.
2. Prezentul continuu, functie
Asa cum se intampla cu toate timpurile in limba engleza, atitudinea vorbitorului este la fel de importanta precum timpul actiunii sau evenimentului. Atunci cand se foloseste prezentul continuu este vorba de o actiune neterminata sau incompleta.
Prezentul perfect al oricarui verb este format din doua elemente: forma corespunzatoare a verbului auxiliar to have - a avea (la timpul prezent), plus participiul trecut (past participle) al verbului principal. Participiul trecut al unui verb regulat este alcatuit din baza+ed, de ex. played (jucat), arrived (ajuns), looked (privit). Pentru verbele neregulate, observati Tabelul de verbe neregulate din sectiunea numita "Verbe".
Afirmativ |
||
Subiect |
to have |
participiu trecut |
She |
has |
visited |
Negativ |
||
Subiect |
to have + not |
participiu trecut |
She |
hasn't |
visited |
interogativ |
||
to have |
subiect |
participiu trecut |
Has |
she |
visited..? |
Interogativ negativ |
||
to have + not |
subiect |
participiu trecut |
Hasn't |
she |
visited? |
Exemplu: to walk (a merge), prezent perfect
Afirmativ |
Negativ |
Interogativ |
I have walked (eu am mers) |
I haven't walked (eu nu am mers) |
Have I walked? (Eu am mers?) |
You have walked (tu ai mers) |
You haven't walked (tu nu ai mers) |
Have you walked? (Tu ai mers?) |
He, she, it has walked (el/ea a mers) |
He, she, it hasn't walked (el/ea nu a mers) |
Has he,she,it walked? (El/ea a mers?) |
We have walked (noi am mers) |
We haven't walked (noi nu am mers) |
Have we walked? (Noi am mers?) |
You have walked (voi ati mers) |
You haven't walked (voi nu ati mers) |
Have you walked? (Voi ati mers?) |
They have walked (ei au mers) |
They haven't walked (ei nu au mers) |
Have they walked? (Ei au mers?) |
Prezentul perfect
se foloseste pentru a sublinia legatura dintre prezent si trecut. Timpul actiunii
este inainte de momentul vorbirii insa
nu este specificat, si de cele mai multe ori ne intereseaza mai mult
rezultatul decat actiunea in sine.
ATENTIE! Trecutul simplu din engleza poate arata ca un timp asemanator din limba dvs., insa sensul este diferit.
Verbe regulate: baza+ed
e.g. walked, showed, watched, played, smiled, stopped
Trecutul simplu, be, have, do (a fi, a avea, a face):
SubIECT |
Verb |
||
Be |
Have |
Do |
|
I |
was |
had |
did |
You |
were |
had |
did |
He, she, it |
was |
had |
did |
We |
were |
had |
did |
You |
were |
had |
did |
They |
were |
had |
did |
a. I was in Japan last year. (Anul trecut
am fost in Japonia).
b. She had a headache yesterday. (Ea a avut o durere de cap
ieri).
c. We did our homework last night. (Aseara noi ne-am facut tema).
Nota: Verbul "do" cu sensul sau uzual de "a face", la trecutul simplu formele negativa si interogativa foloseste tot auxiliarul "do", de ex. We didn't do our homework last night. (Noi nu ne-am facut tema aseara). Cat despre forma negativa a verbului "have" la trecutul simplu, ea se formeaza de obicei cu ajutorul auxiliarului "do", insa uneori se adauga doar not sau forma contractata "n't". Forma interogativa a lui "have" la trecutul simplu se formeaza in mod normal cu ajutorul auxiliarului "do".
They weren't in Rio last summer. (Ei nu au fost la Rio vara trecuta.)
We hadn't any money. (Noi nu am avut nici un ban.)
We didn't have time to visit the Eiffel Tower. (Nu am avut timp sa vizitam Turnul Eiffel).
We didn't do our exercises this morning. (Noi nu ne-am facut exercitiile in aceasta dimineata.)
Were they in Iceland last January? (Ei au fost in Islanda in ianuarie?)
Did you have a bicycle when you were a boy? (Ai avut bicicleta cand ai fost mic?)
Did you do much climbing in Switzerland? (Ai mers mult pe munti in Elvetia?)
Afirmativ |
||
Subiect |
verb + ed | |
I |
washed | |
Negativ |
||
Subject |
did not |
forma de infinitiv fara to |
They |
didn't |
visit |
Interogativ |
||
Did |
subiect |
forma de infinitiv fara to |
Did |
she |
arrive? |
Interogativ negativ |
||
Did not |
subiect |
forma de infinitiv fara to |
Didn't |
you |
like..? |
Exemplu: to walk (a merge), trecut simplu
Afirmativ |
Negativ |
Interogativ |
I walked (eu am mers) |
I didn't walk (eu nu am mers) |
Did I walk? (Eu am mers?) |
You walked (tu ai mers) |
You didn't walk (tu nu ai mers) |
Did you walk? (Tu ai mers?) |
He,she,it walked (el/ea a mers) |
He didn't walk (el nu a mers) |
Did he walk? (El a mers?) |
We walked (noi am mers) |
We didn't walk (nu nu am mers) |
Did we walk? (Noi am mers?) |
You walked (voi ati mers) |
You didn't walk (voi nu ati mers) |
Did you walk? (Voi ati mers?) |
They walked (ei au mers) |
They didn't walk (ei nu au mers) |
Did they walk? (Ei au mers?) |
Nota: Pentru formele negativa si interogativa a tuturor verbelor la trecutul simplu se foloseste intotdeauna auxiliarul "did".
Exemplu: Trecut simplu, verbe neregulate:
to go (a merge)
a. He went to a club last night. (El a mers intr-un club aseara).
b. Did he go to the cinema last night? (El a fost la cinema
aseara?)
c. He didn't go to bed early last night. (El nu a mers la culcare
devreme aseara).
to give (a da) d. We gave her a doll for her birthday.
(I-am dat o papusa de ziua ei.)
e. They didn't give John their new address. (Ei nu i-au dat lui
John noua lor adresa.)
f. Did Barry give you my passport? (Ti-a dat Barry pasaportul
meu?)
to come (a veni) g. My parents came to visit me last July.
(Parintii mei au venit sa ma viziteze in iulie.)
h. We didn't come because it was raining. (Nu am venit deoarece
ploua.)
i. Did he come to your party last week? (El a venit la petrecerea
ta saptamana trecuta?)
Trecutul simplu se foloseste pentru a descrie o actiune terminata inainte de momentul vorbirii. Durata actiunii nu este importanta. Timpul cand s-a petrecut actiunea poate fi trecutul apropiat sau trecutul indepartat.
John Cabot sailed to America in 1498. (John Cabot a navigat in America in 1498).
My father died last year. (Tatal meu a murit anul trecut.)
He lived in Fiji in 1976. (El a locuit in Fiji in 1976).
We crossed the Channel yesterday. (Am traversat canalul ieri).
Se foloseste intotdeauna trecutul simplu atunci cand specificati cand a avut loc un eveniment, astfel trecutul simplu este asociat cu anumite expresii de timp.
Viitorul simplu este alcatuit din doua parti: will / shall + forma de infinitiv a verbului fara "to"
Subiect |
will |
infinitiv fara to |
He |
will |
leave (El va pleca) |
Afirmativ |
||
I |
will |
go (eu voi merge) |
I |
shall |
go (eu voi merge) |
Negativ |
||
They |
will not |
see (ei nu vor vedea) |
They |
won't |
see (ei nu vor vedea) |
Interogativ |
||
Will |
she |
ask? (ea va intreba?) |
Interogativ negativ |
||
Won't |
she |
take? (ea nu va lua..?) |
forme contractate |
|
I will I'll |
We will we'll |
You will you'll |
You will you'll |
He,she, will he'll, she'll |
They will they'll |
NOTA: Forma 'it will' nu se scurteaza in mod normal.
Exemplu: to see (a vedea), viitor simplu
Afirmative |
Negativ |
Interogativ |
I'll see (eu voi vedea) |
I won't see/ (eu nu voi vedea) |
Will I see?/ (Eu voi vedea?) |
*I will/shall see (eu voi vedea) |
I shan't see (eu nu voi vedea) |
Shall I see? (Eu voi vedea?) |
You'll see (tu vei vedea) |
You won't see (tu nu vei vedea) |
Will you see? (Tu vei vedea?) |
He, she, it will see (el/ea va vedea) |
He won't see (el nu va vedea) |
Will she see? (Ea va vedea?) |
We'll see (noi vom vedea) |
We won't see/ (noi nu vom vedea) |
Will we see?/ (Noi vom vedea?) |
*We will/shall see |
We shan't see (noi nu vom vedea) |
Shall we see? (Noi vom vedea?) |
You will see (voi veti vedea) |
You won't see (voi nu veti vedea) |
Will you see? (Voi veti vedea?) |
They'll see (ei vor vedea) |
They won't see (ei nu vor vedea) |
Will they see? (Ei vor vedea?) |
*NOTA: shall este usor demodat dar se poate folosi in loc de will cu persoanele I / we.
In limba engleza articolele sunt invariabile, ceea ce inseamna ca ele nu se schimba in functie de genul sau numarul substantivului la care se refera, de ex.: the boy (baiatul), the woman (femeia), the children (copiii).
Folositi 'a' cu substantive care incep cu o
consoana (litere care nu sunt vocale),
'an' cu substantive care incep cu vocala (a,e,i,o,u)
Exemple:
A boy (un baiat)
An apple(un mar)
A car (o masina)
An orange (o portocala)
A house (o casa)
An opera (o opera)
NOTA:
Se foloseste an inainte de h mut (care nu se aude la pronuntie) -
an hour (o ora), an honour (o onoare).
Se foloseste a inainte de u
si eu cand acestea se aud ca 'you': a european (un
european), a university (o universitate), a unit (o
unitate).
Acestea sunt:
why, where, how, when (de ce, unde, cum, cand)
Aceste adverbe se folosesc de obicei la inceputul unei intrebari.
Exemple:
Why are you so late? (De ce ai intarziat atat de mult?)
Where is my passport? (Unde este pasaportul meu?)
How are you? (Ce faci?)
How much is that coat? (Cat costa acel palton?)
When does the train arrive? (Cand soseste trenul?)
Observati ca how se poate folosi cu patru sensuri diferite:
1. sensul in ce mod/cum?':
How did you make this sauce? (Cum ai facut acest sos?)
How do you start the car? (Cum pornesti masina?)
2. cu adjective
(cat de):
How tall are you? (Cat de inalt esti?)
How old is your house? (Cat de veche este casa ta?)
3. cu much si many (cat, cati/cate):
How much are these tomatoes? ( Cat sunt rosiile?)
How many people are coming to the party? (Cate persoane vin la
petrecere?)
4. cu alte adverbe:
How quickly can you read this? (Cat de repede poti sa
citesti asta?)
How often do you go to London? (Cat de des mergi la Londra?)
PRONUMELE PERSONALE |
||
Subiect |
Indirect (Dativ/Acuzativ) |
Reflexiv (de intarire) |
I (eu) |
Me (mie, pe mine) |
Myself (eu insumi/insami) |
You (tu) |
You (tie, pe tine) |
Yourself (tu insuti/insati) |
He (el) |
Him (lui, pe el) |
Himself (el insusi) |
She (ea) |
Her (ei, pe ea) |
Herself (ea insasi) |
It (el/ea -obiect,lucru) |
It (ei/lui, pe el/pe ea) |
Itself (el insusi/ ea insasi) |
We (noi) |
Us (noua, pe noi) |
Ourselves (noi insine/ insene) |
You (voi) |
You (voua, pe voi) |
Yourselves (voi insiva/inseva) |
They (ei) |
Them (lor, pe ei) |
Themselves (ei insesi/ ele insele) |
Posesivele |
||
adjective |
pronume |
|
My (al meu, a mea, ai mei, ale mele) |
Mine (al meu, a mea, ai mei, ale mele) |
|
Your (al tau, a ta, ai tai, ale tale) |
Yours (al tau, a ta, ai tai, ale tale) |
|
His (al lui/sau, a lui/sa, ai lui/sai, ale lui/sale) |
His (al lui/sau, a lui/sa, ai lui/sai, ale lui/sale) |
|
Her (al ei/sau, a ei/sa, ai ei/sai, ale ei/sale) |
Hers (al ei/sau, a ei/sa, ai ei/sai, ale ei/sale) |
|
Its (al lui/ei/sau, a lui/ei/sa, ai lui/ei/sai, ale lui/ei/sale) | ||
Our (al nostru, a noastra, ai nostri, ale noastre) |
Ours (al nostru, a noastra, ai nostri, ale noastre) |
|
Your (al vostru, a voastra, ai vostri, ale voastre) |
Yours (al vostru, a voastra, ai vostri, ale voastre) |
|
Their (al lor, a lor, ai lor, ale lor) |
Theirs (al lor, a lor, ai lor, ale lor) |
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