Futurismul italian si Antonio Sant'Elia 1909-1914

Futurismul italian si Antonio Sant'Elia

Futurismul a fost o miscare artistica nascuta in Italia, in 1909. Aparea ca reactie de improspatare a sentimentalismului blegos al Romantismului. Futuristii adorau viteza, zgomotu, masinile, poluareea si orasele; ei imbratisau incitanta lume noua, nu doar prin confortul pe care il ofera, ci impreuna cu tot anturajul ei criticabil, inclusiv fortele care o produc. Fata de atitudinea contemporana, care incearca sa combata efectele colaterale ale tehnologiei, ei ofereau o filozofie alternativa. Pacat ca erau toti fascisti. (Marinetti, Carlo Carr, Umberto Boccioni, Giacomo Balla, Luigi Russolo.

In textul O aruncatura de zaruri, publicat in 1897, Mallarm arata ca amplasarea, caracterul, grosimea si dimensiunea literelor inspira textul, largindu-i si clarificandu-i sensul. Prin astfel de variatii, Mallarm incurajeaza cititorul sa-si inventeze propria sa ordine de lectura. Ideea a fost preluata de Futuristul Filippo Marinetti in manifestul sau din 1912 Parole in Liberta.

Manifestul Futurist a fost scris in 1909, de catre Filippo Tommaso Marinetti si cuprinde 10 puncte, o colectie concisa de ganduri, credinte si intentii, intr-o forma declarativa. Ea prezinta un moment al evolutiei intelectual-culturale a Italiei la inceputul secolului 20, moment care avea sa conduca peste putin timp la nasterea fascismului. Intre cele doua miscari a stat Primul Razboi.

Violenta extrema a manifestului si a doctrinei futuriste in general, explica de ce fascistii au preluat cu succes stilul si continutul nationalist.Futuristii combateau atitudinea de laissez faire tipica sfarsitului de secol 19, in favoarea exceselor, a unei existente dinamice, prin care clasa intelectuala italiana va genera progresul. Voiau sa demonstreze ca Italia exista in prezent, are industrie, masini, viteza, iar nationalismul nedeclarat este evident.

	Marinetti, Autoportret, 1914		Marinetti, Parole in Liberta, 1912

Poezia, vocea spiritului, va exprima frumusetea ca expresie a instinctului uman de lupta. Traim un moment de inflexiune a istoriei, dar omul va absorbi variatiile si promova valorile de la inceputul civilizatiei. Articolul 9 defineste razboiul ca pe un fel necesitate pentru sanatatea spiritului uman, o purificare in urma careia omul poate redeveni idealist. Dupa unii, aceasta afirmatie a determinat miscarile de masa care apoi au favorizat totalitarismul. Punctul 10 spune: vom distruge muzee, biblioteci, academii, vom combate moralismul, feminismul, orice lasitate oportunista si utilitarista. Trebuie mentionat insa ca aceste teribilisme au fost rostite inainte ca orice forma concreta a acestor idei sa se fi manifestat. Probabil ca nici nu puteau fi imaginate. Abia revolutia rusa din 1917 a fost prima forma brutala de aplicare a acestor idei. In schimb, astfel de vorbe se regasesc in evul mediu si mai ales in renastere. Paradoxal, ele se numesc totusi futuriste.

Manifestul futurismului - publicat la Paris, in Le Figaro, la 20 Februarie 1909

1. We intend to sing the love of danger, the habit of energy and fearlessness. 2. Courage, audacity, and revolt will be essential elements of our poetry. 3. Up to now literature has exalted a pensive immobility, ecstasy, and sleep. We intend to exalt aggresive action, a feverish insomnia, the racer's stride, the mortal leap, the punch and slap. 4. We affirm that the world's magnificence has been enriched by a new beauty: the beauty of speed. A racing car whose hood is adorned with great pipes, like serpents of explosive breath-a roaring car that seems to ride on grapeshot is more beautiful than the Victory of Samothrace. 5. We want to hymn the man at the wheel, who hurls the lance of his spirit across the Earth, along the circle of its orbit. 6. The poet must spend himself with ardor, splendor, and generosity, to swell the enthusiastic fervor of the primordial elements. 7. Except in struggle, there is no more beauty. No work without an aggressive character can be a masterpiece. Poetry must be conceived as a violent attack on unknown forces, to reduce and prostrate them before man. 8. We stand on the last promontory of the centuries! Why should we look back, when what we want is to break down the mysterious doors of the Impossible? Time and Space died yesterday. We already live in the absolute, because we have created eternal, omnipresent speed. 9. We will glorify war-the world's only hygiene-militarism, patriotism, the destructive gesture of freedom-bringers, beautiful ideas worth dying for, and scorn for woman. 10. We will destroy the museums, libraries, academies of every kind, will fight moralism, feminism, every opportunistic or utilitarian cowardice. 11. 11We will sing of great crowds excited by work, by pleasure, and by riot; we will sing of the multicolored, polyphonic tides of revolution in the modern capitals; we will sing of the vibrant nightly fervor of arsenals and shipyards blazing with violent electric moons; greedy railway stations that devour smoke-plumed serpents; factories hung on clouds by the crooked lines of their smoke; bridges that stride the rivers like giant gymnasts, flashing in the sun with a glitter of knives; adventurous steamers that sniff the horizon; deep-chested locomotives whose wheels paw the tracks like the hooves of enormous steel horses bridled by tubing; and the sleek flight of planes whose propellers chatter in the wind like banners and seem to cheer like an enthusiastic crowd.

Filippo Tommaso Emilio Marinetti, 76-1944, ideolog, poet, editor. Nascut la Alexandria, Egipt. In 1918 a fondat Partito Politico Futurista or Futurist Political Party, care a fost apoi absorbit de Partidul Fascist Italian al lui Mussolini. Afirmatii din manifestul futurist precum arta nu este decat violenta, cruzime si nedreptate au fost folosite drept piste de alunecare de la futurism la fascism.

Umberto Boccioni (1882-1916), pictor, sculptor si membru al miscarii futuriste. Creatia lui este centrata pe valorile promovate de miscare: dinamism, viteza, tehnologie. A murit intr-un accident de calarie, calcat de caii in cursa, in timp ce era mobilizat pe front, intr-un batalion de artilerie.